CA1181804A - Parametric electric machine - Google Patents
Parametric electric machineInfo
- Publication number
- CA1181804A CA1181804A CA000412702A CA412702A CA1181804A CA 1181804 A CA1181804 A CA 1181804A CA 000412702 A CA000412702 A CA 000412702A CA 412702 A CA412702 A CA 412702A CA 1181804 A CA1181804 A CA 1181804A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- induction coil
- capacitance
- parametric
- capacitor
- resonant circuit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
- H02N1/06—Influence generators
- H02N1/08—Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A parametric electric machine consists of a series resonant circuit, which has a capacitance (C) which is adapted to be mechanically varied, an inductance (L) and a resistance (R). The no-load values of the capacitance (Co), inductance (Lo) and resistance (Ro) fulfil the thresholf condition
A parametric electric machine consists of a series resonant circuit, which has a capacitance (C) which is adapted to be mechanically varied, an inductance (L) and a resistance (R). The no-load values of the capacitance (Co), inductance (Lo) and resistance (Ro) fulfil the thresholf condition
Description
PAR~METRIC ELECTRIC MACHINE
This invention relates to a parametric electric machine comprising at least one capacitor having a capacity which is variable as a function of time and connected in series with circuitry which has resistance and includes at least one induction coil, Characteristic of the known state of the art It has already been proposed to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy by a periodic change of the electric parameters of a resonant circuit, In one of such "parametric generators", a series resonant circuit comprises a capacitor and an induction coil and the capacitance is periodically varied, As the capacitance of the capaci.tor is reduced, its charge is condensed into a smaller space3 to obtain a smaller capacitance. Work must be performed for this purpose, In that case the energy source is the mechanism which decreases the capa~
citance, For an increase o~ the capacitance it is not ne-cessary to supply energy to the system because the charges having like signs repel each other and automatically occupy a larger space on the increased capacitance, For this reason, a periodic decrease and increase of the . capacitance involves only a flow of energy from the drive - mechanism into the resonant circuit (conversion of , 25 mechanical energy to electromagnetic energy).
A parame~ric generator can be expected to afford some advantages over conventional yenerators, the operation of which is based on induction and which elther comprise permanent magnets (such as a bicycle dynamo) or generate the required magnetic field by exci-~ng coils having windings which generate heat by the Joule effect. The resulting losses are so high that a direct water cooling is necessary in generators above a certaln power~
Considerable losses due to a generation of heat may arise also in the rotor windings. On the other hand, the parametric generator is free from losses which are due to a generation of heat and the generator can be used for a direct generation of relatively hiyh voltages (in the kilovolt range). Ad~itional advantages are the simple structure and the light weight of a parametric generator.
But the previous attempts to build a parametric generator have failed. It has not been possible to generate a periodic alternating current which is not dependent on the changing loads presented by the consumers but there have been exponentially increasing currents, which callsed the induction coils to burn out, or the alternating current oscillation was quickly damped. It was alsQ not possible to generate sinusoidal alternating current oscillations with a parametric generator. The reason for this fact becomes apparent upon a consideration of the differential equation for the parametric resonant circuit having a capacitance which varies as a function of time:
dt2 Lo dt ~ C cos ~t) Q = o (I) wherein Lo is the inductance, which is assumed to be constant (at first instance) and C0 is the mean total capacitanee defined by C = (C + C )/2, wherein C is ~e o max min max highest and Cmin the lowest capacitanceO The capaci~ance change is expressed as ~ C = (Cmax Cmin)/ o resistance of the inductor and is constant (in the first instance) and Q(t) is the charge on the capacitor.
The differential equation (I~ is ~ damped Mathieu's differential equation, which generally has unstable solutions. This means that the voltage, charge and current exhibit an exponential approach to infinity or zero. A stable periodic oscillation is obtained only at certain values of the parameters Ro, Lo, C0 and ~ C but that oscillation varies as a Mathieu function rather than as a slne function of time. And there is hardly a power supply system which will accept voltages varying as a Mathieu funetion of time.
To eliminate that disadvantage it has been pro-posed in German Patent Specification 633,254 to apply a sinusoidal alternating current voltage to a parametric resonant circult having a variable capacitance or inductance and to ~orce that circuit to increase that separate excitation by parametric effects ("power amplifier").
Object of th~ Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a parametric electric machine which is adapted to produce stable sinusoidal alternating currents (generator~ without a separate excitation and which can be used to convert electric power to mechanical power (motor) when it is connected to a power supply system whish supplies a sinusoidal alternating current.
Summary of the Invention This is accomplished according to the invention in that the resonant circuit of the machine fulfils the condition c~C 7 Ro ~
wherein CO is the total basic capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), ~C is the mechanically effected change of the (total) capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), Lo is the (total~ inductance of the induction coil (s) and R~ is the (total) resistance of the induction coil(s) and of any additional strict resistances l1nder no load and that at least one parameter (L, R, C) of the resonant circuit is a function of the current I flowing in the resonant circuit.
Just as in the above-mentioned equation (I), CO and ~ C have the following relation to the highes~ value of the (total) capacitance Cmax and to the lowest value of the (total) capacitance Cmin of the capacitor ~capacitors):
C = max min ~ C = Cmax min In the simplest case the "capacitance" of the resonant circuit consists of a single capacltor havlng a variable capacitance and the "inductor'l consis~s of a single induction coil having a core of ferromagnetic material.
Alternatively, the "capacitance" may consist of a plurality of capacitors, at least one of which has a capacitance which varies as a function of time and which ~O axe connected in parallel or in series, and the "inductor"
may conslst of a plurality of induction coils which are connected in parallel or in series (and at least one of which has a stationary core of ferromagn2tic material)O
The invention is based on the recognition that the differential equation ~I) can be transformed to an equation of oscillation which has solutions consisting of sine functions if the equation of oscillation has a nonlinear term. The invention is also based on the recognition ~hat such nonlinear term of the equation of oscillation can be embodied in that at least one parametric component (L, R, C) of the resonant circuit is a function of the current I = Q~ = dO flowing in the resonant circuitO If it is assumed, for instance, that the inductor complies wi~h ~he relation L = Lo~1 ~ g(Q])) the parametric resonant circu~t will ha~e ~he followiny homogeneous nonllnear equation of osclllation:
This invention relates to a parametric electric machine comprising at least one capacitor having a capacity which is variable as a function of time and connected in series with circuitry which has resistance and includes at least one induction coil, Characteristic of the known state of the art It has already been proposed to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy by a periodic change of the electric parameters of a resonant circuit, In one of such "parametric generators", a series resonant circuit comprises a capacitor and an induction coil and the capacitance is periodically varied, As the capacitance of the capaci.tor is reduced, its charge is condensed into a smaller space3 to obtain a smaller capacitance. Work must be performed for this purpose, In that case the energy source is the mechanism which decreases the capa~
citance, For an increase o~ the capacitance it is not ne-cessary to supply energy to the system because the charges having like signs repel each other and automatically occupy a larger space on the increased capacitance, For this reason, a periodic decrease and increase of the . capacitance involves only a flow of energy from the drive - mechanism into the resonant circuit (conversion of , 25 mechanical energy to electromagnetic energy).
A parame~ric generator can be expected to afford some advantages over conventional yenerators, the operation of which is based on induction and which elther comprise permanent magnets (such as a bicycle dynamo) or generate the required magnetic field by exci-~ng coils having windings which generate heat by the Joule effect. The resulting losses are so high that a direct water cooling is necessary in generators above a certaln power~
Considerable losses due to a generation of heat may arise also in the rotor windings. On the other hand, the parametric generator is free from losses which are due to a generation of heat and the generator can be used for a direct generation of relatively hiyh voltages (in the kilovolt range). Ad~itional advantages are the simple structure and the light weight of a parametric generator.
But the previous attempts to build a parametric generator have failed. It has not been possible to generate a periodic alternating current which is not dependent on the changing loads presented by the consumers but there have been exponentially increasing currents, which callsed the induction coils to burn out, or the alternating current oscillation was quickly damped. It was alsQ not possible to generate sinusoidal alternating current oscillations with a parametric generator. The reason for this fact becomes apparent upon a consideration of the differential equation for the parametric resonant circuit having a capacitance which varies as a function of time:
dt2 Lo dt ~ C cos ~t) Q = o (I) wherein Lo is the inductance, which is assumed to be constant (at first instance) and C0 is the mean total capacitanee defined by C = (C + C )/2, wherein C is ~e o max min max highest and Cmin the lowest capacitanceO The capaci~ance change is expressed as ~ C = (Cmax Cmin)/ o resistance of the inductor and is constant (in the first instance) and Q(t) is the charge on the capacitor.
The differential equation (I~ is ~ damped Mathieu's differential equation, which generally has unstable solutions. This means that the voltage, charge and current exhibit an exponential approach to infinity or zero. A stable periodic oscillation is obtained only at certain values of the parameters Ro, Lo, C0 and ~ C but that oscillation varies as a Mathieu function rather than as a slne function of time. And there is hardly a power supply system which will accept voltages varying as a Mathieu funetion of time.
To eliminate that disadvantage it has been pro-posed in German Patent Specification 633,254 to apply a sinusoidal alternating current voltage to a parametric resonant circult having a variable capacitance or inductance and to ~orce that circuit to increase that separate excitation by parametric effects ("power amplifier").
Object of th~ Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a parametric electric machine which is adapted to produce stable sinusoidal alternating currents (generator~ without a separate excitation and which can be used to convert electric power to mechanical power (motor) when it is connected to a power supply system whish supplies a sinusoidal alternating current.
Summary of the Invention This is accomplished according to the invention in that the resonant circuit of the machine fulfils the condition c~C 7 Ro ~
wherein CO is the total basic capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), ~C is the mechanically effected change of the (total) capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), Lo is the (total~ inductance of the induction coil (s) and R~ is the (total) resistance of the induction coil(s) and of any additional strict resistances l1nder no load and that at least one parameter (L, R, C) of the resonant circuit is a function of the current I flowing in the resonant circuit.
Just as in the above-mentioned equation (I), CO and ~ C have the following relation to the highes~ value of the (total) capacitance Cmax and to the lowest value of the (total) capacitance Cmin of the capacitor ~capacitors):
C = max min ~ C = Cmax min In the simplest case the "capacitance" of the resonant circuit consists of a single capacltor havlng a variable capacitance and the "inductor'l consis~s of a single induction coil having a core of ferromagnetic material.
Alternatively, the "capacitance" may consist of a plurality of capacitors, at least one of which has a capacitance which varies as a function of time and which ~O axe connected in parallel or in series, and the "inductor"
may conslst of a plurality of induction coils which are connected in parallel or in series (and at least one of which has a stationary core of ferromagn2tic material)O
The invention is based on the recognition that the differential equation ~I) can be transformed to an equation of oscillation which has solutions consisting of sine functions if the equation of oscillation has a nonlinear term. The invention is also based on the recognition ~hat such nonlinear term of the equation of oscillation can be embodied in that at least one parametric component (L, R, C) of the resonant circuit is a function of the current I = Q~ = dO flowing in the resonant circuitO If it is assumed, for instance, that the inductor complies wi~h ~he relation L = Lo~1 ~ g(Q])) the parametric resonant circu~t will ha~e ~he followiny homogeneous nonllnear equation of osclllation:
2 L dt L C (1- ~ )cos ~ t d O + o o o o = O, Q, _ d~ - I (II) dt2 1 ~ g (Q'3 -~ Q'g'(Q') If g(Q'~ is properly selected and can be embodied, the differential equation ~II) has a stable sinusoidal solution (after some periodic nonsinusoidal transients3, provided that the threshold condition C ~ 2 Ro~
is fulf$11ed as well as one of the resoncance conditions which are possible. One of them reads.
= 2 ~ O ~ (2C ) ~ ~
Although the threshold condition includes the terms CO, Ro, Lo which correspond to the parameters of thP
resonant circuit under no load, it will be applicable as an inequation also under load.
In the generator the compliance with the threshold condition means that the mechanical energy supplied to the generator is as least as large as the losses which occur in the resistors. In the motor the ~ 1~ L~
compliance with the threshold condition means that the eLectrical energy which is supplied is at least as large as the losses in the resistors~
The feature according to the lnvention wh~ch resides in that at least one parameter (L, R, C) is a function of the current flowing in the resonant circuit (so that the equation of oscillation is nonlinear and has sinusoidal solutions) means that the resonant circuit of the machine must include an induction coil and/or a resistor and~or a capacitor which has an inductance or resistance or capacitance, respectively, which varies as a function of current. This concept can be embodied in various ways.
In one embodiment of the invention at least one induction coil of the inductor of the resonant circuit has a stationary core of magnetic material. To minimize th~
losses which are due to the core of ferromagnetic material, the core of the indurtion coil must consist of a low-loss ferromagnetic material, i.e., of a material having a hysteresis loop which encloses an area whi~h is a small as possible. The core losses should desirably be of an order of 1 to 3 W/kg (core loss V10 at 50 Hz and 1 T =
10 kG maximum reduction). Besides, the hysteresis curve shall be as steep as possible so that the dpendence ~I
is very large.
Alternatively, a nonlinearity may be introduced into the equation of oscillation, e.g., in that a temperature-dependent resistor which varies in dependence on current (and temperature) is connected in series with the inductor or in that a capacitor is used which has a capacitance which depends on the current flow~ng through the capacitor, e.g., because the dielectric of the capacitor has certain special properties.
The use of the features according to the invention permits the provision of a truely parametric generator which differs from the usual frequency-sensitive a.c.
generators in that it delivPrs a sinusoidal alternating current which is stable in frequency and amplitude even if the resistance, inductance and capacitance of the consumers connected to the generator are subject to strong stochastic changes.
The use of the features according to the invention permits also the provision of a parametric motor which can~e supplied from a normal a.c. power supply system and which distinguishes by a lightweight structure and (in dependence on the selected parameters) by the possibility to operate at high speeds and to apply high voltages (in the kilovolt range~ to the motor.
Detailed description of the drawings An ~llustrative embodiment of the invention will now be described more fully with reference to the drawings.
Figure 1 ls a circuit diagram showing a parametric generator according to the invention.
Figure 2 is a sectional view showing an illustrative embodiment of a capacitor having a capacitance which varies with time and an induction coil which is connected in series with that capacitor and has an iron core.
Figure 3 is an elevation showing a rotor plate and Figure 4 shows a stator plate of the capacitor of Figure 2.
Figures 5 and 6 are additional circuit diagrams of the parametric generator according to the invention.
Description of Preferred Embodiments In accordance with Figure 1 the parametric generatox consists of a capacitor 1, which has a periodically variable capacitance, and an induction coil 2, which has a core 3 of ferromagnetic material. A consumer 4 ls connected in parallel to the induction coil 2 in that case.
As is apparent from Figure 2, the capaci~or 1 comprises stator plates 5 and rotor plates 6. The rotor plates 6 are carried by and electrically conductively connected to the shaft 7, which is driven by a symbolically represented mechanical drive 8 consisting, e.g., of a motor or a turbine. The stator plates 5 are held by electrically conducting rods 9. The stator plates 5 and the rotor plates 6 have substant1ally the same structure and as shown in Figure 3 for the rotor plate and in Figure 4 for the stator plate consist of alternating sectors 10 of electrically conducting material, such as copper, and sectors 11 of electrically insulating material, such as plastic material.
As the rotor plates 6 rotate, the capacitance C of the capacitor varies periodically as a function of time.
The induction coil 2, which is connec$ed in series with the capacitor 1, consists of the coil winding 12 and the iron core 3, which in the present case is an E-I core composed of eommercial eore shee~s having a thickness of 0.35 mm and a eore loss (V10) of 1.3 W/kg.
The consumer, not shown, is connected, e.g., to the terminals 13 of the induction coil 2.
Because the periodicity of the capacitanee of the capacitor 1 must correspond to the frequency of the resonant circuit in accordance with the "condition of resonance", the parametric generator desirably permits an adjusbment in this respeet. The period of the change of the eapacitance of the capacitor 1 as a function of time depends on the speed of the motor or turbine and in the illustrative embodiment shown on the number of sectors 10, 11 of the rotor plates 6 and stator plates 5. To meet the conditions of resonance, the speed of the drive 8 may be varied, e.g., by means of an infinitely variable transmission. Alternatively, the electromagnetic parameters of the resonant cixcuit may be adjustable. For instance, the inductance of the induction coll 2 may be varied by an adjustment of the air gap between the yoke (I section)
is fulf$11ed as well as one of the resoncance conditions which are possible. One of them reads.
= 2 ~ O ~ (2C ) ~ ~
Although the threshold condition includes the terms CO, Ro, Lo which correspond to the parameters of thP
resonant circuit under no load, it will be applicable as an inequation also under load.
In the generator the compliance with the threshold condition means that the mechanical energy supplied to the generator is as least as large as the losses which occur in the resistors. In the motor the ~ 1~ L~
compliance with the threshold condition means that the eLectrical energy which is supplied is at least as large as the losses in the resistors~
The feature according to the lnvention wh~ch resides in that at least one parameter (L, R, C) is a function of the current flowing in the resonant circuit (so that the equation of oscillation is nonlinear and has sinusoidal solutions) means that the resonant circuit of the machine must include an induction coil and/or a resistor and~or a capacitor which has an inductance or resistance or capacitance, respectively, which varies as a function of current. This concept can be embodied in various ways.
In one embodiment of the invention at least one induction coil of the inductor of the resonant circuit has a stationary core of magnetic material. To minimize th~
losses which are due to the core of ferromagnetic material, the core of the indurtion coil must consist of a low-loss ferromagnetic material, i.e., of a material having a hysteresis loop which encloses an area whi~h is a small as possible. The core losses should desirably be of an order of 1 to 3 W/kg (core loss V10 at 50 Hz and 1 T =
10 kG maximum reduction). Besides, the hysteresis curve shall be as steep as possible so that the dpendence ~I
is very large.
Alternatively, a nonlinearity may be introduced into the equation of oscillation, e.g., in that a temperature-dependent resistor which varies in dependence on current (and temperature) is connected in series with the inductor or in that a capacitor is used which has a capacitance which depends on the current flow~ng through the capacitor, e.g., because the dielectric of the capacitor has certain special properties.
The use of the features according to the invention permits the provision of a truely parametric generator which differs from the usual frequency-sensitive a.c.
generators in that it delivPrs a sinusoidal alternating current which is stable in frequency and amplitude even if the resistance, inductance and capacitance of the consumers connected to the generator are subject to strong stochastic changes.
The use of the features according to the invention permits also the provision of a parametric motor which can~e supplied from a normal a.c. power supply system and which distinguishes by a lightweight structure and (in dependence on the selected parameters) by the possibility to operate at high speeds and to apply high voltages (in the kilovolt range~ to the motor.
Detailed description of the drawings An ~llustrative embodiment of the invention will now be described more fully with reference to the drawings.
Figure 1 ls a circuit diagram showing a parametric generator according to the invention.
Figure 2 is a sectional view showing an illustrative embodiment of a capacitor having a capacitance which varies with time and an induction coil which is connected in series with that capacitor and has an iron core.
Figure 3 is an elevation showing a rotor plate and Figure 4 shows a stator plate of the capacitor of Figure 2.
Figures 5 and 6 are additional circuit diagrams of the parametric generator according to the invention.
Description of Preferred Embodiments In accordance with Figure 1 the parametric generatox consists of a capacitor 1, which has a periodically variable capacitance, and an induction coil 2, which has a core 3 of ferromagnetic material. A consumer 4 ls connected in parallel to the induction coil 2 in that case.
As is apparent from Figure 2, the capaci~or 1 comprises stator plates 5 and rotor plates 6. The rotor plates 6 are carried by and electrically conductively connected to the shaft 7, which is driven by a symbolically represented mechanical drive 8 consisting, e.g., of a motor or a turbine. The stator plates 5 are held by electrically conducting rods 9. The stator plates 5 and the rotor plates 6 have substant1ally the same structure and as shown in Figure 3 for the rotor plate and in Figure 4 for the stator plate consist of alternating sectors 10 of electrically conducting material, such as copper, and sectors 11 of electrically insulating material, such as plastic material.
As the rotor plates 6 rotate, the capacitance C of the capacitor varies periodically as a function of time.
The induction coil 2, which is connec$ed in series with the capacitor 1, consists of the coil winding 12 and the iron core 3, which in the present case is an E-I core composed of eommercial eore shee~s having a thickness of 0.35 mm and a eore loss (V10) of 1.3 W/kg.
The consumer, not shown, is connected, e.g., to the terminals 13 of the induction coil 2.
Because the periodicity of the capacitanee of the capacitor 1 must correspond to the frequency of the resonant circuit in accordance with the "condition of resonance", the parametric generator desirably permits an adjusbment in this respeet. The period of the change of the eapacitance of the capacitor 1 as a function of time depends on the speed of the motor or turbine and in the illustrative embodiment shown on the number of sectors 10, 11 of the rotor plates 6 and stator plates 5. To meet the conditions of resonance, the speed of the drive 8 may be varied, e.g., by means of an infinitely variable transmission. Alternatively, the electromagnetic parameters of the resonant cixcuit may be adjustable. For instance, the inductance of the induction coll 2 may be varied by an adjustment of the air gap between the yoke (I section)
3' and the E section of the iron core 3 or the total capacitance may be changed by means of a small addltional variable capacitor connected in serles.
In a parametri~ generator according to the invention in which Lo - 80 H, C0 - 2.13 x 10 9F, ~ C = 0.22, Ro = 10 kiloohms and which comprises an iron core consisting of core sheets IV having a thickness of 0.35 mm and core losses (V10) of 1.3 W/kg, a stable alternating current voltage of 1050 vslts at a frequency of 300 Hz has been obtained. For lower frequencies and higher voltages, the speed of the capacitor and/or the parameters Lo, C0,~ C must be varied accordingly.
In accordance with the circuit diagram shown in Figure 1, the consumer 4 is connected in parallel to the induction coi1 2. Alternatively, as i5 shown in Figure 5, the consumer 4' may be connected in series with the capacitor 1 and the induction coil 2. In practice it will be most desirable, as is shown in Figure 2, to connect the consumer ~" by a transformer to the resonant circuit of the parametric generator by a transformer in such a manner that the coil winding 12 of ~he inductor of the ~5 resonant circuit constitutes the primary winding of the transformer and the iron core 3 of the inductor of the a~o~
resonant cixcuit ls designed to magnetlcally couple the primary winding 12 and the secondary winding 14. It is not necessary that the primary winding of the transformer ls constituted by the entire coil winding 12 of the inductance S of the resonant circuit. For instance, if the inductor of the resonant circui~ conslsts of a plurality of induction coils, the primary winding of the transfoxmer may be constltuted by only part of the induction coilsO
The periodically variable capacitance may be 1o provided by mean~ other than those used in the embodiment described by way of example. For instance, the dielectric of the c~pacitor may consist of a gear, which is rotated between the capacitor plates by a motor, a hydraulic turbine or the like. Alternatively, a cylindrical capacitor may be used, which consists of two cylinders~ which extend coaxi~ one in the other and are rotatable relative to each other and each of which consists of alternating sections of conducting and dieleciric materials.
In accordance with general laws of thermo-dynamics, the generator shown in the drawings may be used as a motor if an a.c. voltage is applied to the terminals 13 in Figure 2 and an initial torque is imparted to the rotor plates 6 of the capacitor 1 or to the capacitor shaft 7 so that the "condition of resonance"
is met. In that case the sectors 10 will be positively and negati-~ely charged and elec~rostatic repelling forces and torques will be generated.
In a parametri~ generator according to the invention in which Lo - 80 H, C0 - 2.13 x 10 9F, ~ C = 0.22, Ro = 10 kiloohms and which comprises an iron core consisting of core sheets IV having a thickness of 0.35 mm and core losses (V10) of 1.3 W/kg, a stable alternating current voltage of 1050 vslts at a frequency of 300 Hz has been obtained. For lower frequencies and higher voltages, the speed of the capacitor and/or the parameters Lo, C0,~ C must be varied accordingly.
In accordance with the circuit diagram shown in Figure 1, the consumer 4 is connected in parallel to the induction coi1 2. Alternatively, as i5 shown in Figure 5, the consumer 4' may be connected in series with the capacitor 1 and the induction coil 2. In practice it will be most desirable, as is shown in Figure 2, to connect the consumer ~" by a transformer to the resonant circuit of the parametric generator by a transformer in such a manner that the coil winding 12 of ~he inductor of the ~5 resonant circuit constitutes the primary winding of the transformer and the iron core 3 of the inductor of the a~o~
resonant cixcuit ls designed to magnetlcally couple the primary winding 12 and the secondary winding 14. It is not necessary that the primary winding of the transformer ls constituted by the entire coil winding 12 of the inductance S of the resonant circuit. For instance, if the inductor of the resonant circui~ conslsts of a plurality of induction coils, the primary winding of the transfoxmer may be constltuted by only part of the induction coilsO
The periodically variable capacitance may be 1o provided by mean~ other than those used in the embodiment described by way of example. For instance, the dielectric of the c~pacitor may consist of a gear, which is rotated between the capacitor plates by a motor, a hydraulic turbine or the like. Alternatively, a cylindrical capacitor may be used, which consists of two cylinders~ which extend coaxi~ one in the other and are rotatable relative to each other and each of which consists of alternating sections of conducting and dieleciric materials.
In accordance with general laws of thermo-dynamics, the generator shown in the drawings may be used as a motor if an a.c. voltage is applied to the terminals 13 in Figure 2 and an initial torque is imparted to the rotor plates 6 of the capacitor 1 or to the capacitor shaft 7 so that the "condition of resonance"
is met. In that case the sectors 10 will be positively and negati-~ely charged and elec~rostatic repelling forces and torques will be generated.
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A parametric electric machine comprising at least one capacitor having a capacity which is variable as a function of time and connected in series with circuitry which has rsistance and includes at least one induction coil, characterized in that the resonant circuit of the machine fulfils the condition wherein Co is the total basic capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), .DELTA.C is the mechanically effected change of the (total) capacitance of the capacitor (or capacitors), Lo is the 6total) inductance of the induction coil(s) and Ro is the (total) resistance of the induction coil(s and of any additional strict resistances under no load and that means are provided which are arranged to control at least one of the parameters consisting of the inductance, resistance and capacitance of the resonant circuit so that said parameter is a function of the current flowing in said resonant circuit,
2. A parametric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that said circuitry comprises at least one induction coil which comprises a stationary core consisting of ferromagnetic material.
3. A parametric machine according to claim 2, characterized in that the core of the induction coil consists of low-loss ferromagnetic material.
4. A parametric machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the core of the induction coil has a core loss (V10) of about 1 to 3 W/kg.
5. A parametric machine according to any of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the core of the induction coil consists of laminated core of dynamo sheets IV having a thickness of 0.35 mm.
6. A parametric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the capacitor having a capacitance which is variable with time consists of discs, which are rotatable relative to each other on an axis and are normal to said axis and consist each of alternating sectors of conducting and dielectric materials.
7. A parametric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the capacitor having a capacitance which is variable with time consists of cylinders, which extend coaxially one into the other and are rotatable relative to each other and consist each of alternating sections of conducting and dielectric materials.
8. A parametric machine according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the inductor of the resonant circuit comprises at least one induction coil which constitutes a primary winding of a transformer for connecting a consumer to the resonant circuit.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT460381 | 1981-10-29 | ||
| ATA4603/81 | 1981-10-29 | ||
| PCT/AT1982/000018 WO1983001713A1 (en) | 1981-10-29 | 1982-06-07 | Parametric electric machine |
| AT82/00018 | 1982-06-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1181804A true CA1181804A (en) | 1985-01-29 |
Family
ID=3566059
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000412702A Expired CA1181804A (en) | 1981-10-29 | 1982-10-01 | Parametric electric machine |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4622510A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0092549A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS58501852A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR230903A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT380358B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU8975982A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8207847A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1181804A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD208714A5 (en) |
| EG (1) | EG14987A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES516919A0 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI823637L (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2116802B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR77350B (en) |
| HU (1) | HU186149B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL66842A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN158580B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1191054B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO823338L (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1983001713A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA827384B (en) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4897592A (en) * | 1988-06-27 | 1990-01-30 | Hyde William W | Electrostatic energy field power generating system |
| DE4033390A1 (en) * | 1990-10-20 | 1992-04-30 | Tralau Guenter Dipl Phys | Electromagnetic energy prodn. from heat content of gas - has assistance of cyclically controlled gas pressure across distance between two capacitor plates and is altered cyclically to produce energy |
| CN1101768A (en) * | 1993-10-14 | 1995-04-19 | 周符明 | Electric energy generating method and electric energy generator for realizing the method |
| DE4418581C2 (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-06-29 | Horst Prof Dr Lippmann | Device for converting the energy of surface waves of a liquid into electrical energy and vice versa |
| US5883499A (en) * | 1996-07-29 | 1999-03-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method for leveling the power output of an electromechanical battery as a function of speed |
| US7034498B2 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2006-04-25 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | Resonant motor system |
| US20060038530A1 (en) * | 2004-07-07 | 2006-02-23 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | System and method for optimizing motor performance by varying flux |
| US7116029B2 (en) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-10-03 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | AC induction motor having multiple poles and increased stator/rotor gap |
| US20060208603A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | Rotating electric machine with variable length air gap |
| US20070132331A1 (en) * | 2005-12-13 | 2007-06-14 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | DC homopolar motor/generator |
| US20070132334A1 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-14 | Rt Patent Company, Inc. | Systems and methods for providing electrical contact with a rotating element of a machine |
| GB2436895A (en) * | 2006-04-03 | 2007-10-10 | Rolls Royce Plc | A high voltage current generator using varying capactitance |
| US7834513B2 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2010-11-16 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Electrostatic generator/motor having rotors of varying thickness and a central stator electrically connected together into two groups |
| US9614462B2 (en) | 2007-09-10 | 2017-04-04 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Rippled disc electrostatic generator/motor configurations utilizing magnetic insulation |
| US8264121B2 (en) | 2007-09-10 | 2012-09-11 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Electrostatic generator/motor configurations |
| BRPI0821870A2 (en) * | 2008-01-09 | 2015-06-16 | Velkess Inc | Flywheel rotor systems, equipment and methods of use |
| US9270204B2 (en) | 2013-06-13 | 2016-02-23 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Technique for enhancing the power output of an electrostatic generator employing parametric resonance |
| US10110146B2 (en) | 2014-09-30 | 2018-10-23 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Pulse-train drive system for electrostatic generators and motors |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE360701C (en) * | 1922-10-06 | Albert Pfeiffer | Influence machine for generating alternating current with static, continuously externally excited surfaces | |
| DE348610C (en) * | 1915-03-12 | 1922-02-13 | Plauson S Forschungsinstitut G | Electric motor for alternating current with a high number of periods |
| DE633259C (en) * | 1932-10-29 | 1936-07-23 | Leonid Mandelstam | Arrangement for generating alternating currents |
| US2540327A (en) * | 1948-01-16 | 1951-02-06 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Electrostatic machine |
| US3094653A (en) * | 1961-05-22 | 1963-06-18 | Tylan Corp | Electrostatic generator |
| US4054826A (en) * | 1975-03-10 | 1977-10-18 | Wahlstrom Sven E | Method and apparatus for charging batteries using variable capacitors |
| US4084101A (en) * | 1975-11-13 | 1978-04-11 | Arden Sher | Apparatus for converting radiant energy to electric energy |
-
1982
- 1982-06-07 JP JP82501881A patent/JPS58501852A/en active Pending
- 1982-06-07 EP EP82901826A patent/EP0092549A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-06-07 AT AT0905182A patent/AT380358B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-06-07 US US06/514,816 patent/US4622510A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1982-06-07 WO PCT/AT1982/000018 patent/WO1983001713A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1982-06-07 GB GB08314101A patent/GB2116802B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-09-08 GR GR69237A patent/GR77350B/el unknown
- 1982-09-08 IN IN688/DEL/82A patent/IN158580B/en unknown
- 1982-09-22 IL IL66842A patent/IL66842A/en unknown
- 1982-10-01 CA CA000412702A patent/CA1181804A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-10-04 NO NO823338A patent/NO823338L/en unknown
- 1982-10-08 ZA ZA827384A patent/ZA827384B/en unknown
- 1982-10-25 AU AU89759/82A patent/AU8975982A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1982-10-25 FI FI823637A patent/FI823637L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1982-10-27 EG EG82637A patent/EG14987A/en active
- 1982-10-27 HU HU823468A patent/HU186149B/en unknown
- 1982-10-28 ES ES516919A patent/ES516919A0/en active Granted
- 1982-10-28 DD DD82244348A patent/DD208714A5/en unknown
- 1982-10-28 IT IT8223981A patent/IT1191054B/en active
- 1982-10-28 AR AR291143A patent/AR230903A1/en active
- 1982-10-29 BR BR8207847A patent/BR8207847A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GR77350B (en) | 1984-09-11 |
| ZA827384B (en) | 1983-08-31 |
| AU8975982A (en) | 1983-05-05 |
| AT380358B (en) | 1986-05-12 |
| EG14987A (en) | 1985-03-31 |
| IN158580B (en) | 1986-12-13 |
| FI823637L (en) | 1983-04-30 |
| GB2116802A (en) | 1983-09-28 |
| NO823338L (en) | 1983-05-02 |
| US4622510A (en) | 1986-11-11 |
| ATA905182A (en) | 1985-09-15 |
| BR8207847A (en) | 1984-08-07 |
| ES8308658A1 (en) | 1983-09-16 |
| ES516919A0 (en) | 1983-09-16 |
| IL66842A0 (en) | 1984-05-31 |
| EP0092549A1 (en) | 1983-11-02 |
| GB8314101D0 (en) | 1983-06-29 |
| IL66842A (en) | 1985-10-31 |
| IT8223981A0 (en) | 1982-10-28 |
| FI823637A0 (en) | 1982-10-25 |
| HU186149B (en) | 1985-06-28 |
| WO1983001713A1 (en) | 1983-05-11 |
| GB2116802B (en) | 1985-04-11 |
| JPS58501852A (en) | 1983-10-27 |
| AR230903A1 (en) | 1984-07-31 |
| DD208714A5 (en) | 1984-04-04 |
| IT1191054B (en) | 1988-02-24 |
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