CN1767831B - 包含甲基纳曲酮的药物配方 - Google Patents

包含甲基纳曲酮的药物配方 Download PDF

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CN1767831B
CN1767831B CN200480009192.7A CN200480009192A CN1767831B CN 1767831 B CN1767831 B CN 1767831B CN 200480009192 A CN200480009192 A CN 200480009192A CN 1767831 B CN1767831 B CN 1767831B
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苏克图·P·桑戈维
托马斯·A·博伊德
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Abstract

本发明描述了用于施用甲基纳曲酮的稳定药物组合物及其制备方法。还提供了包括这些药物组合物的试剂盒。

Description

包含甲基纳曲酮的药物配方
技术领域
本发明涉及甲基纳曲酮药物制剂、甲基纳曲酮配方、甲基纳曲酮试剂盒及其制备方法。
背景技术
季胺类阿片拮抗剂衍生物已经表明可用在许多方面。它们被认为只作用于外周,因此发现在不降低阿片样物质镇痛效果的同时减轻阿片样物质副作用的方面具有特殊效用。所述副作用包括恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安、瘙痒(pruritis)、尿潴留、肠动力不足、便秘、胃动力不足、胃排空延迟和免疫抑制。这些作用于外周的阿片拮抗剂的应用不限于减轻源于阿片镇痛治疗的副作用。相反,这些衍生物还用于内源性阿片单独(或与外源性阿片治疗结合)引起不良病症如肠梗阻和其他包括但不限于上述副作用的病症的情况。
甲基纳曲酮是季胺类阿片拮抗剂衍生物,发现于70年代中期。美国专利4,176,186、4,719,215、4,861,781、5,102,887、5,972,954和6,274,591中描述了甲基纳曲酮和它的一些应用。然而,迄今为止,还不存在稳定的甲基纳曲酮配方。很明显,甲基纳曲酮本身具有稳定的结构。然而,当在室温下储存或高压灭菌时,药物组合物在溶液中的稳定性不一定是可预测的。
纳洛酮是作用于中枢和外周的阿片拮抗剂。其在结构上不同于甲基纳曲酮,并期望具有不同的溶液稳定性。美国专利No.5,866,154中描述了声称稳定的纳洛酮配方。
令人惊奇的是,已发现甲基纳曲酮是非常不稳定的。还发现,甲基纳曲酮具有不同于纳洛酮的某些降解产物。还发现,对稳定的甲基纳曲酮配方来说,需要关键的参数和条件。
发明内容
在一个方面,本发明提供一种组合物或制剂,即甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,其中高压灭菌后的制剂中甲基纳曲酮降解产物的浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的2%。优选地,该降解产物的浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的1.5%、1%、0.5%、0.25%或甚至0.125%。该组合物或制剂可包含螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂、等渗剂(isotonicity agent)和阿片样物质中的一种、任意组合或全部。优选的螯合剂是乙二胺四乙酸二钠或其衍生物。乙二胺四乙酸二钠优选浓度范围为0.001-100mg/ml,更优选0.05-25.0mg/ml,最优选0.1-2.5mg/ml。优选的缓冲剂是柠檬酸盐缓冲剂。柠檬酸盐缓冲剂通常的浓度范围为0.001-100.0mM,优选0.1-10mM,更优选0.1-5.0mM。优选的低温防护剂是甘露醇。
该组合物或制剂优选具有不超过4.25的pH。更优选地,pH范围为2.0-4.0、3.0-4.0,最优选为3.0-3.5。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种组合物或制剂,其包括甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,其中在大约室温下保存六个月后的制剂具有浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮2%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。甲基纳曲酮降解产物的浓度优选不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮的1.5%、1.0%、0.5%、0.25%,甚至0.125%。该组合物或制剂可包含螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂、等渗剂和阿片样物质中的一种、任意组合或全部。优选的螯合剂和浓度如上所述。优选的缓冲剂和浓度如上所述。优选地,该组合物或制剂具有不超过4.25的pH。优选的pH和范围如上所述。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种稳定的组合物或制剂。该组合物或制剂是甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,其中pH低于4.25。优选地,pH为2.75-4.25,更优选为3.0-4.0,最优选为3.0-3.5。根据传统方法,pH可用酸调节。可用于该目的的酸包括盐酸、柠檬酸、硫酸、乙酸和磷酸。稳定的组合物或制剂还可包含螯合剂、缓冲剂、等渗剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种稳定的组合物或制剂。该组合物或制剂是甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,其中该溶液还包含足以抑制甲基纳曲酮或其盐降解的量的螯合剂,由此该量使得高压灭菌后的组合物或制剂具有浓度不超过组合物或制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的0.5%、0.25%或甚至0.125%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。该组合物或制剂还可包含缓冲剂、等渗剂、抗氧化剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。优选的螯合剂、缓冲剂、pH如上所述。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种组合物或制剂。该组合物或制剂是包含至少一种甲基纳曲酮降解抑制剂的甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液。该抑制剂可以是螯合剂、缓冲剂和抗氧化剂中的任意一种、任意组合或全部,前提是该溶液具有2.0-6.0的pH。降解抑制剂的含量足以使该组合物或制剂稳定,其中该组合物或制剂以至少一种灭菌技术进行处理,且其中该组合物或制剂基本上不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物。该组合物或制剂可以在室温下稳定保存至少六个月、至少十二个月或至少二十四个月。优选地,该组合物或制剂在高压灭菌后是稳定的。该组合物或制剂还可包含等渗剂和阿片样物质的任意一种或两种。优选地,该溶液的pH为2.75-4.25,更优选为3.0-4.0,最优选为3.0-3.5。
在本发明前述方面的任一方面中,组合物或制剂可以是药物组合物。
在本发明前述方面的任一方面中,甲基纳曲酮的存在量可以是治疗有效量。在一些实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的浓度为0.01-100mg/ml。在另一些实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的浓度为0.1-100.0mg/ml。在又一些实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮为1.0-50.0mg/ml。
在前述任一实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的存在量可足以治疗恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安、瘙痒、尿潴留、肠梗阻、术后肠梗阻、产后肠梗阻、麻痹性肠梗阻、肠动力不足、便秘、胃动力不足、胃排空延迟、胆汁分泌减少、胰腺分泌减少、胆绞痛、括约肌紧张性增高、皮肤发红、嵌塞、发汗、胃肠动力障碍、胃排空障碍、胃肠功能紊乱、不完全排空、胀气、腹胀、胃食管反流增加、低血压、心动过缓、肠易激综合征或免疫抑制。
在任一前述实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的存在量可足以加快术后出院(包括腹腔手术如直肠切除术、结肠切除术、胃、食道、十二指肠、阑尾切除术、子宫切除术,或非腹腔手术如整形手术、创伤手术、胸部手术或移植),例如通过在手术后促使发生肠音,或加快第一次进食或第一次排便的时间。在其他重要的实施方案中,该量足以引起轻泻。这在患者为长期阿片使用者的情况下尤其有用。
在前述任一实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液可以包含在密封容器中,所述密封容器如瓶、输液袋、注射器、小瓶、具有隔膜的小瓶、安瓿、具有隔膜的安瓿、或注射器。容器可包括表明该溶液已经高压灭菌或经过灭菌技术处理的标记。
根据本发明的另一方面,任一前述实施方案是冻干的,优选在低温保护剂的存在下冻干。因此,本发明提供甲基纳曲酮的冻干制剂。优选地,该冻干制剂是稳定制剂,包含小于1%、小于0.5%、小于0.25%、甚至小于0.125%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。该制剂可包含优选在水中呈中性或酸性的低温保护剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种产品。该产品是甲基纳曲酮的稳定冻干配方,其中该配方在用水以20mg/ml的浓度重构时具有2-6的pH。在一些实施方案中,重构配方具有约2、约3、约4、约5或约6的pH。该配方可包含存在量足以使配方稳定的低温防护剂。重要实施方案中的低温防护剂是聚合的碳水化合物。优选的低温防护剂是甘露醇。上述任一前述溶液可以是冻干的。因此,本发明的一个方面是这种材料包括缓冲剂、抗氧化剂和等渗剂中的一种或任意组合。优选的材料如上所述。
根据本发明的又一方面,提供包含甲基纳曲酮和降解抑制剂的产品,所述降解抑制剂选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂及其组合,其中降解抑制剂的存在量足以使包含20mg/ml浓度甲基纳曲酮的产品的水溶液稳定。优选地,产品为20mg/ml浓度甲基纳曲酮溶液时pH为2-6。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种药物制剂。该药物制剂包含甲基纳曲酮、氯化钠、柠檬酸、柠檬酸三钠和乙二胺四乙酸二钠。在一个重要实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮为20-40mg/ml,氯化钠为2-6mg/ml,柠檬酸为0.05-0.1mg/ml,柠檬酸三钠为0.025-0.075mg/ml,以及乙二胺四乙酸二钠为0.5-1.0mg/ml。
缓冲剂可以是药学上可接受的任意缓冲剂。常用缓冲剂包括柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、乙酸、磷酸钠和磷酸、抗坏血酸钠、酒石酸、马来酸、甘氨酸、乳酸钠、乳酸、抗坏血酸、咪唑、碳酸氢钠和碳酸、琥珀酸钠和琥珀酸、组氨酸以及苯甲酸钠和苯甲酸。优选的缓冲剂是柠檬酸盐缓冲剂。
螯合剂可以是药学上可接受的任意螯合剂。常用螯合剂包括乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)及其衍生物、柠檬酸及其衍生物、烟酰胺及其衍生物和去氧胆酸钠及其衍生物。优选的螯合剂是乙二胺四乙酸二钠。
抗氧化剂可以是药学上可接受的任意抗氧化剂。常用的抗氧化剂包括选自抗坏血酸衍生物、丁羟茴醚、丁羟甲苯、没食子酸烷基酯、焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、连二亚硫酸钠、巯基乙醇酸钠(sodium thioglycollic acid)、甲醛次硫酸氢钠、生育酚及其衍生物、硫代甘油和亚硫酸钠的抗氧化剂。优选的抗氧化剂是硫代甘油。
低温防护剂可以是药学上可接受的任意低温防护剂。常用的低温防护剂包括组氨酸、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷、乳糖、蔗糖和甘露醇。重要的低温防护剂是多元醇。本发明的优选低温防护剂是甘露醇。
阿片样物质可以是药学上可接受的任意阿片样物质。常用的阿片样物质是选自阿芬他尼、阿尼利定、阿西马朵林、布马佐辛、丁丙诺啡(burprenorphine)、布托啡诺、可待因、地佐辛、二乙酰吗啡(海洛因)、双氢可待因、地芬诺酯、非多托秦、芬太尼、富纳曲胺(funaltrexamine)、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、左洛啡烷、左醋美沙朵、左啡诺、洛哌丁胺、唛啶(哌替啶)、美沙酮、吗啡、吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸(glucoronide)、纳布啡、烯丙吗啡、阿片、羟考酮、羟吗啡酮、喷他佐辛、丙吡兰、丙氧芬、瑞米芬太尼(remifentanyl)、舒芬太尼、替利定、曲美布汀和曲马多。
等渗剂可以是药学上可接受的任意等渗剂。常用的等渗剂包括选自氯化钠、甘露醇、乳糖、葡萄糖、甘油和山梨糖醇的那些。优选的等渗剂是甘露醇。
药物制剂可以任选地包含防腐剂。常用防腐剂包括选自氯丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸酯、硫柳汞、苯甲醇和苯酚的防腐剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供制备甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液的高压灭菌制剂的方法,由此高压灭菌制剂具有浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的2%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。该方法包括提供pH为4.25或更小且基本上不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物的甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,和对该溶液进行高压灭菌。任选地,该溶液可包含螯合剂、等渗剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。优选地,该溶液的pH为2.0-4.0,更优选地为3.0-4.0,最优选为3.0-3.5。优选的螯合剂、等渗剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质如上所述。优选的甲基纳曲酮浓度也如上所述。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供制备高压灭菌制剂的方法。该制剂具有浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的2%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。该方法包括提供包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐和螯合剂的溶液,该溶液基本上不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物,然后对该溶液进行高压灭菌。螯合剂的存在量足以保护制剂使甲基纳曲酮或其盐免于所不希望的大幅度降解,并保持该溶液基本上不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物。优选的螯合剂及其浓度如上所述。任选地,该制剂可包含缓冲剂、等渗剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。优选的缓冲剂、等渗剂、抗氧化剂和阿片样物质及浓度也如上所述。溶液的优选pH也如上所述。优选地,高压灭菌后的降解产物不超过1.5%、1%、0.5%、0.25%或甚至0.125%。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供抑制制剂中形成甲基纳曲酮降解产物的方法,所述制剂是甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液。该方法包括制备包含选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂及其组合的至少一种甲基纳曲酮降解抑制剂的水溶液。将甲基纳曲酮或其盐的粉末源溶解到溶液中以形成制剂。该制剂具有或在不加入pH调节碱的情况下调节为2-6的pH。更优选地,药物制剂的pH调节为3-5、更优选为3-4、最优选为3.0-3.5。可以将等渗剂加入到溶液中。也可以将阿片样物质加入到溶液中。
在本发明的任一前述方面,所述制剂可以是药物制剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供制备抑制甲基纳曲酮降解产物形成的稳定药物制剂的方法,所述稳定药物制剂是甲基纳曲酮或其盐的水溶液。提供包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐和至少一种甲基纳曲酮降解抑制剂的溶液。在将溶液最后装到密封容器中以形成稳定药物制剂之前或之后,以至少一种消毒技术处理该溶液,其中该方法在不向溶液中加入pH调节碱的情况下进行。甲基纳曲酮降解抑制剂可选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂及其组合。可以加入等渗剂。也可以加入低温防护剂。还可以加入阿片样物质。优选的螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、等渗剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质如上所述。优选的浓度如上所述。可以处理该溶液以调整pH。这优选使用酸进行。最优选地,将该溶液的pH范围调整至2-6,更优选3-5、3-4,最优选3.0-3.5。该材料可以包含在密封溶液中。该容器可以用氮清洗和/或喷射以除去氧。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,提供一种非肠道配方。在一个实施方案中,该配方通过将稀释的甲基纳曲酮溶解于加有甘露醇的水中而制得。然后,将该溶液过滤除菌,随后冻干。因此,该产品可以提供为冻干形式,并与某些低温防护剂如甘露醇或乳糖组合。任选地,提供重构稀释剂,如生理盐水稀释剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种试剂盒。该试剂盒是包含含有任意一种上述制剂的密封容器和使用说明书的包装盒。该试剂盒也可包括包含药学上可接受的稀释剂的稀释容器。该试剂盒还可包含混合制剂和稀释剂的说明书。该稀释剂可以是药学上可接受的任意稀释剂。熟知的稀释剂包括5%葡萄糖溶液和生理盐水溶液。所述容器可以是输液袋、密封瓶、小瓶、具有隔膜的小瓶、安瓿、具有隔膜的安瓿、输液袋或注射器。该试剂盒还可包含含有阿片样物质的阿片样物质容器。该容器可以任选地包括表明该容器已经高压灭菌或经过消毒技术处理的标记。该试剂盒可包括向患者施用包含在容器中的各种溶液的说明书。
本发明还包括治疗方法。根据本发明的另一方面,提供用于以有效量的甲基纳曲酮或其盐治疗需要这种治疗的患者的方法。该方法包括向患者施用有效量的任意一种上述、本文中详述和/或在权利要求中提出的药物制剂中的甲基纳曲酮或其盐。在一个方面,该方法是抑制人类患者中外周阿片受体的方法。在另一方面,该方法用于减轻阿片类物质治疗的副作用。在另一方面,该方法用于治疗选自恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安、瘙痒、尿潴留、肠梗阻、术后肠梗阻、产后肠梗阻、麻痹性肠梗阻、肠动力不足、便秘、胃动力不足、胃排空延迟、胆汁分泌减少、胰腺分泌减少、胆绞痛、括约肌紧张性增高、皮肤发红、嵌塞、发汗、胃肠动力障碍、胃排空障碍、胃肠功能紊乱、不完全排空、胀气、腹胀、胃食管反流增加、低血压、心动过缓、肠易激综合征或免疫抑制的任意一种疾病。
在任一前述实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的存在量可足以加快术后出院、促使发生术后肠音或引发轻泻。
患者可以是需要这种治疗的任何患者。重要的患者包括接受阿片样物质(包括用于疼痛的阿片样物质)的患者、癌症或手术患者、或者免疫抑制或免疫减弱的患者(包括感染HIV的患者)、医疗疾病晚期患者、病入膏肓的患者、神经病患者、类风湿性关节炎患者、骨关节炎患者、慢性压痛(pack pain)患者、脊髓损伤患者、慢性腹痛患者、慢性胰腺疼痛患者、骨盆/会阴疼痛患者、纤维肌痛患者、慢性疲劳综合征患者、偏头痛或紧张性头痛患者、血液透析患者和镰状细胞性贫血患者。
在前面的说明书中,申请人描述了有关甲基纳曲酮或其盐的发明。这种盐包括但不限于溴化物盐、氯化物盐、碘化物盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐。然而,应该理解,甲基纳曲酮是称作去甲羟基吗啡酮四价衍生物的一类化合物的成员,如美国专利No.4,176,186中所公开的,其整个公开内容通过引用并入本文。据信,本发明扩展到任意一种去甲羟基吗啡酮四价衍生物,并且本发明包括含有该衍生物的药物制剂、方法和试剂盒。因而本发明的另一方面包括前述发明内容中出现“甲基纳曲酮”处均替换为任意这种衍生物的各个方面。同样地,本发明还包括出现“甲基纳曲酮”时均替代为术语“去甲羟基吗啡酮四价衍生物”的各项权利要求。
附图说明
图1是描述在零时刻从柱中洗脱的甲基纳曲酮降解产物的图片(1、2和4号峰是降解产物;4号峰是甲基纳曲酮;5号峰是O-溴化甲基纳曲酮)。
图2是描述在12个月时从柱中洗脱的甲基纳曲酮降解产物的图片(1、2和4号峰是降解产物;4号峰是甲基纳曲酮;5号峰是O-溴化甲基纳曲酮)。
图3是根据本发明的包含本文所述配方的试剂盒的示意图。
具体实施方式
申请人已发现:在高压灭菌过程中,水溶液中的甲基纳曲酮倾向于以令人惊奇的程度降解。简单高压灭菌(122℃、15磅压力持续20分钟)所致的降解量可高达10%。降解产物示于图1中,似乎包含相对保留时间(RRT)为0.72(2.828分钟)和0.89(3.435分钟)的至少两种主要降解产物,还可以观察到其他次要产物。在将甲基纳曲酮溶解到溶液中时立即出现少量识别为0.72RRT峰的降解产物,0.074,并随保存时间或高压灭菌增加,0.25%。识别为0.89RRT峰的降解产物仅在保存一段时间后或在高压灭菌后出现(分别为<0.05%和0.724%)。申请人还发现,当在室温下或甚至在4℃保存很长(但是商业上必需的)时期如6个月、12个月或甚至两年时,甲基纳曲酮在水溶液中是不稳定的。不论水溶液是否经过预先高压灭菌或过滤除菌,都会发生降解。需要稳定甲基纳曲酮配方,从而在高压灭菌过程或者保存(或高压灭菌和保存)之后,总降解产物的量小于2.0%、1.5%、1.0%、0.5%、0.25%、甚至0.125%。
本发明提供甲基纳曲酮的稳定配方。甲基纳曲酮的稳定溶液是指在122℃、15磅压力保持20分钟高压灭菌后,由该条件所致的甲基纳曲酮降解产物不超过给定溶液中存在的甲基纳曲酮总量的2%。甲基纳曲酮的稳定溶液还指未高压灭菌的溶液在室温下保存十二个月后,由该条件所致的甲基纳曲酮降解产物不超过给定溶液中存在的甲基纳曲酮总量的2%。甲基纳曲酮的稳定溶液还指未高压灭菌的溶液在室温下保存两个月后,由该条件所致的甲基纳曲酮降解产物不超过给定溶液中存在的甲基纳曲酮总量的1.0%。甲基纳曲酮的稳定冻干配方指甲基纳曲酮在冻干、室温下保存两个月并且在水中重构之后,由该条件所致的甲基纳曲酮降解产物不超过给定溶液中存在的甲基纳曲酮总量的1.0%。
令人惊奇地发现,单独的pH即可以解决过量甲基纳曲酮降解产物的问题。具体发现:当包含2mg/mL甲基纳曲酮的甲基纳曲酮溶液的pH为约4.25pH或更小时,高压灭菌之后甲基纳曲酮降解产物的量急剧下降。当包含甲基纳曲酮的溶液的pH调整为3.5-4.0时,降解产物的总百分比降至2%以下,在某些情况下甚至低于1.39%。当pH调整为3.0-3.5,高压灭菌之后,降解产物的总百分比降至约0.23%。还注意到,当甲基纳曲酮溶液的pH在高压灭菌之前即低于6.0时,达到稳定状态之前有一个明显下降。将pH调整为4.25-6不足以产生甲基纳曲酮的稳定配方(仅仅通过调整pH)。然而,如下文所示,在2.0-6.0的pH范围内任意值处,与pH相呼应地控制其他参数得到甲基纳曲酮的稳定配方。低pH对甲基纳曲酮配方稳定性的益处在螯合剂、等渗剂、缓冲剂和抗氧化剂的存在下持续。因此,本发明的一个方面提供甲基纳曲酮在溶液中的稳定配方,其中pH低于4.25,优选为3.0-4.0,更优选为3.0-3.5。
申请人还注意到,尽管在高压灭菌之前使用pH调节酸或pH调节碱将甲基纳曲酮溶液的pH设定为3.0-6.0之间的值,尽管较低的pH有益,但是高压灭菌试样的pH几乎立刻改变至约7.0。因此,具体测试缓冲剂是否能够消除高压灭菌所致的pH改变,而不会不利地影响防止由于高压灭菌而引起的热降解的能力。申请人发现,缓冲剂确实可以用来在整个高压灭菌过程中稳定甲基纳曲酮的pH,而不会使降解产物超过可接受的最小量。在0.25mM-25mM的浓度范围内使用缓冲剂。在所有受试的缓冲剂浓度下都得到了降解产物的可接受水平。然而,注意到,柠檬酸盐缓冲剂与乙酸盐缓冲剂相比具有更合乎需要的性质。具体而言,柠檬酸盐缓冲剂的加入似乎不能从任何材料角度改变高压灭菌甲基纳曲酮溶液所产生的降解产物量,在pH3.5时得到的降解产物小于0.23%。然而,乙酸盐缓冲剂的加入似乎从某种程度上增加甲基纳曲酮降解产物的量,但是没有达到不可接受水平,在pH3.6时得到的降解产物小于1.39%。因此,柠檬酸盐缓冲剂明显优选于乙酸盐缓冲剂。优选的柠檬酸盐缓冲剂范围为2-5mM。
一般地,缓冲剂为本领域的普通技术人员所熟知。缓冲体系包括柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、硼酸盐缓冲剂和磷酸盐缓冲剂。缓冲剂的实例包括柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、乙酸、磷酸钠和磷酸、抗坏血酸钠、酒石酸(tartartic acid)、马来酸、甘氨酸、乳酸钠、乳酸、抗坏血酸、咪唑、碳酸氢钠和碳酸、琥珀酸钠和琥珀酸、组氨酸以及苯甲酸钠和苯甲酸。
申请人还惊人地发现,单独的螯合剂也能将降解产物量降低到可接受水平。具体而言,不调整pH,以0.01、0.1、0.25、0.5、0.75和1.0mg/mL的浓度加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠。乙二胺四乙酸二钠以浓度依赖性方式,使甲基纳曲酮稳定而不发生热降解。低至0.01mg/mL即对降解产物量具有显著影响,产生约2.3%的降解产物总量。0.1mg/mL的浓度导致降解产物总量低于1.5%。在约0.3-0.4mg/mL处存在临界点,此处降解产物总量变为稍低于0.5%,并随着乙二胺四乙酸二钠量的增加而变得平稳。因此,不调整pH,单独的乙二胺四乙酸二钠足以使未缓冲的甲基纳曲酮溶液稳定。这是令人惊奇的结果。
申请人认为该结果不限于乙二胺四乙酸二钠。相反,根据本发明,为本领域普通技术人员所熟知的其他螯合剂也适用。螯合剂是与金属离子形成水溶性配位化合物以捕获金属离子或将金属离子从溶液中除去、从而避免金属离子降解作用的化学试剂。螯合剂包括乙二胺四乙酸(还与EDTA、依地酸、维尔烯酸和西奎斯特林同义)和EDTA衍生物,如乙二胺四乙酸二钾、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸三钠和乙二胺四乙酸钾。其他螯合剂包括柠檬酸及其衍生物。柠檬酸也称作一水合柠檬酸。柠檬酸衍生物包括无水柠檬酸和二水合柠檬酸三钠。还有一些螯合剂包括烟酰胺及其衍生物和去氧胆酸钠及其衍生物。还观察到pH和乙二胺四乙酸二钠的协同效应。在pH3-3.5时,在柠檬酸盐缓冲剂(25mM)和0.01mg/mL乙二胺四乙酸二钠的存在下,高压灭菌后的降解产物总量小于0.4%。在相同条件下,不过将乙二胺四乙酸二钠的浓度提高到1mg/mL,没有可探测到的差异。也就是说,高压灭菌后该降解产物为约0.4%。然而,当在未缓冲体系中将pH上调至6.0-7.0时,情况就不同了。具体而言,在上调至6.0-7.0的pH处,降解产物总量在乙二胺四乙酸二钠浓度为0.01mg/mL时大于3-6%,在乙二胺四乙酸二钠浓度为1.0mg/mL时为约2.8%。这乍看起来与上述结果相异,因为上述结果表明乙二胺四乙酸二钠浓度大于约0.3mg/mL时单独的乙二胺四乙酸二钠足以使降解产物总量低于0.5%。然而,发现降解增加是由于向含有甲基纳曲酮的溶液中加入了pH调节碱,将pH上调至6.0-7.0。因此,出乎意料地发现,应避免向含有甲基纳曲酮的溶液中加入pH调节碱如氢氧化钠,以最小化降解产物的存在。
通过组合0.01mg/mL和1.0mg/mL的乙酸盐缓冲剂和乙二胺四乙酸二钠得到相同的结果,但是,柠檬酸盐缓冲剂在防止甲基纳曲酮热降解方面还是明显好于乙酸盐缓冲剂。然而,在乙酸盐缓冲剂的存在下,较高水平的乙二胺四乙酸二钠可以补偿使用柠檬酸盐缓冲剂和使用乙酸盐缓冲剂时相比所观察到的效果差异。应该注意,柠檬酸盐缓冲剂还是螯合剂,可能赋予其明显优异性能。然而,由于柠檬酸盐缓冲剂没有浓度依赖性的稳定作用,柠檬酸盐的螯合作用似乎不是造成在柠檬酸盐缓冲剂和乙酸盐缓冲剂之间观察到效果差异的全部原因。
申请人还认为,根据本发明,抗氧化剂将是有用的。抗氧化剂是能够通过除去溶液中的自由基而抑制氧化作用的物质。抗氧化剂为本领域的普通技术人员所熟知,包括诸如抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸衍生物(如抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、抗坏血酸硬脂酸酯、抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸钙等)、丁羟茴醚、丁羟甲苯、没食子酸烷基酯、焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、连二亚硫酸钠、巯基乙醇酸钠、甲醛次硫酸氢钠、生育酚及其衍生物(d-α生育酚、d-α生育酚乙酸酯、dl-α生育酚乙酸酯、d-α生育酚琥珀酸酯、β生育酚、δ生育酚、γ生育酚和d-α生育酚聚氧乙二醇1000琥珀酸酯)、硫代甘油和亚硫酸钠的物质。该物质通常加入0.01-2.0%。
本发明的药物制剂还可包括等渗剂。该术语在本领域中与等渗透剂交替使用,已知是加入到药物制剂中以将渗透压提高到与人类细胞外液如血浆等渗的0.9%氯化钠溶液的渗透压的化合物。优选的等渗剂是氯化钠、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、乳糖、葡萄糖和甘油。
任选地,本发明的药物制剂还可包含防腐剂。合适的防腐剂包括但不限于:氯丁醇(0.3-0.9%W/V)、对羟基苯甲酸酯(0.01-5.0%)、硫柳汞(0.004-0.2%)、苯甲醇(0.5-5%)、苯酚(0.1-1.0%)等。
考虑到在未缓冲体系中单独使用乙二胺四乙酸二钠所取得的成功,期望可以简单通过优化各种可能的甲基纳曲酮降解抑制剂而在任何pH下制备稳定配方。这种试剂包括如上所述的那些,即螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂等。然而,发现,不能在大于6的pH下使用这些降解抑制剂得到甲基纳曲酮在溶液中的稳定配方。因此,在本发明的一个方面中,可以提供包含存在于溶液中的甲基纳曲酮的稳定药物制剂,其中该溶液还包括选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂及其组合的试剂,前提是该溶液具有2-6之间的pH。
本发明的稳定药物制剂不仅对于高压灭菌所致的热降解是稳定的,而且对于制备过程中所采用的其他消毒方法也是稳定的。本文所采用的消毒方法或技术包括诸如一个或多个过滤(0.45或0.25微米滤器)步骤、高压灭菌和过滤与高压灭菌组合的无菌技术。它们对于长期保存也是稳定的。本发明的稳定配方在30℃或更低、优选5℃-30℃稳定达至少六个月,更优选在高于15℃的温度下稳定达至少六个月。更具体而言,稳定药物制剂在约室温或25℃下稳定达至少六个月、至少十二个月、甚至至少二十四个月。该制剂保持基本上不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物,也就是说,该溶液包含与溶液中甲基纳曲酮的总量相比小于2%的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。
申请人还惊人地发现,冻干条件可以显著影响甲基纳曲酮降解产物的量。因此,本发明的药物制剂可以有利地包括低温防护剂,保护甲基纳曲酮免受冷冻的不利影响。这种试剂还可以防止结块和剥离,其中结块和剥离会在重构溶液和制备加工中成问题。重要的低温防护剂是甘露醇、乳糖、蔗糖、聚乙二醇和聚乙烯基吡咯烷。最优选甘露醇。据信,由于上述pH效应,导致重构溶液的pH为6.0或更高的或碱性的低温防护剂也将促进甲基纳曲酮的降解。因此,优选的低温防护剂是连同配方中的其他组分使pH位于上述优选范围内的那些低温防护剂。优选地,低温防护剂是中性或酸性的。
溶液中甲基纳曲酮的量可有效完全治疗、改善或甚至预防与激活内源性阿片受体相关的疾病,所述受体具体是外周阿片受体,如μ阿片受体。这些疾病包括恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安、瘙痒、尿潴留、肠梗阻、术后肠梗阻、产后肠梗阻、麻痹性肠梗阻、肠动力不足、便秘、胃动力不足、胃排空延迟、胆汁分泌减少、胰腺分泌减少、胆绞痛、括约肌紧张性增高、皮肤发红、嵌塞、发汗、胃肠动力障碍、胃排空障碍、胃肠功能紊乱、不完全排空、胀气、腹胀、胃食管反流增加、低血压、心动过缓、肠易激综合征或免疫抑制。一个重要应用是治疗便秘,即3天内少于一次肠运动或一周内少于3次肠运动。
在任一前述实施方案中,甲基纳曲酮的存在量可足以加快术后出院、促使发生术后肠音或引发轻泻。该量为本领域内普通技术人员所熟知,并在文献、包括本发明背景中所列出的专利中进行了描述。甲基纳曲酮还可以盐的形式存在,包括甲基纳曲酮的溴化物、氯化物、碘化物、碳酸盐和硫酸盐。
可以使用本发明配方治疗的患者包括接受阿片样物质(包括用于疼痛的阿片样物质)、癌症或手术患者、免疫抑制或免疫减弱的患者(包括感染HIV的患者)、医疗疾病晚期患者、病入膏肓的患者、神经病患者、类风湿性关节炎患者、骨关节炎患者、慢性压痛(pack pain)患者、脊髓损伤患者、慢性腹痛患者、慢性胰腺疼痛患者、骨盆会阴疼痛患者、纤维肌痛患者、慢性疲劳综合征患者、偏头痛或紧张性头痛患者、血液透析患者和镰状细胞性贫血患者。
本发明的药物制剂还可包含阿片样物质。阿片样物质的治疗用途众所周知,并且也在文献和上述专利中进行了描述。阿片样物质包括阿芬他尼、阿尼利定、阿西马朵林、布马佐辛、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、可待因、地佐辛、二乙酰吗啡(海洛因)、双氢可待因、地芬诺酯、非多托秦、芬太尼、富纳曲胺、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、左洛啡烷、左醋美沙朵、左啡诺、洛哌丁胺、唛啶(哌替啶)、美沙酮、吗啡、吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸、纳布啡、烯丙吗啡、阿片、羟考酮、羟吗啡酮、喷他佐辛、丙吡兰、丙氧芬、瑞米芬太尼、舒芬太尼、替利定、曲美布汀和曲马朵。
应该理解,本发明的药物制剂通常保存在瓶、小瓶、安瓿、输液袋等中,其中任一容器可以喷射以除去氧或用氮清洗。在一些实施方案中,瓶、小瓶和安瓿是不透明的,如为琥珀色时。该喷射和清洗规则为本领域内普通技术人员所熟知,并应有助于保持药物制剂的稳定性。在某些实施方案中,还期望药物制剂包含在注射器内。
根据本发明的另一方面,还提供试剂盒。参照图3,描述了试剂盒10。试剂盒10包括药物制剂小瓶12、药物制剂稀释剂小瓶14、阿片样物质小瓶16和阿片样物质稀释剂小瓶18。该试剂盒还包括说明书20。包含药物制剂稀释剂的小瓶14是任选的。小瓶14包含稀释剂如生理盐水,用于稀释包含在小瓶12中的浓缩甲基纳曲酮溶液。说明书可包括混合特定量的稀释剂与特定量的浓缩药物制剂的说明,由此制备用于注射或输液的最终配方。说明书可包括用于患者受控止痛(PCA)装置的说明。同样地,试剂盒任选地包含位于阿片样物质小瓶16中的阿片样物质,其也可任选地为浓缩形式。任选的小瓶18包含浓缩阿片样物质的稀释剂。说明书还可包括混合阿片样物质与药物制剂和/或使用包含在阿片样物质稀释剂小瓶18中的阿片样物质稀释剂稀释阿片样物质的说明。因此,说明书可根据稀释剂和阿片样物质的存在与否采取多种形式。说明书20可包括使用有效量的甲基纳曲酮治疗患者的说明。还应理解,包含药物制剂的容器,不管该容器是瓶、具有隔膜的小瓶、具有隔膜的安瓿、输液袋,还是其他类似容器,都可以包含在药物制剂经过高压灭菌或以其他方式消毒后改变颜色的标记如传统标记。
本发明的药物制剂,单独使用或组合使用时,以治疗有效量施用。治疗有效量将由下述参数确定;但是,无论如何,是确定有效治疗患有本文所述疾病之一的患者如人类患者的药物水平的量。有效量是使所治疗疾病延迟发作、完全抑制或削弱进程、或者完全停止发作或进程所必需的单剂量或多剂量。施用于患者时,有效量理所当然取决于所治疗的特定疾病;疾病的严重性;包括年龄、身体状况、体型和重量的个体患者参数;协同治疗;治疗频率;和施用模式。这些因素为本领域普通技术人员所熟知,仅通过例行试验即可确定。通常优选使用最大剂量,也就是说,根据正确医学判断使用最高安全剂量。
本发明的药物制剂可包括药学上可接受的载体或稀释到药学上可接受的载体中。本文所用术语“药学上可接受的载体”是指适合施用于人类或其他哺乳动物如狗、猫、马、牛、绵羊或山羊的一种或多种相容性固体或半固体或液体填料、稀释剂(diluant)或包封物质。术语“载体”是指天然的或合成的有机或无机成分,活性成分与其组合以便于应用。所述载体能够与本发明的制剂混合和相互混合,使得不存在会明显影响所需药物功效或稳定性的相互作用。适用于口服、皮下施用、静脉内施用、肌肉内施用等配方的载体可从Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,Pa中找到。
可以使用许多施用方法。所选的特定模式理所当然取决于所选的特定药物、所治疗疾病状态的严重性和有效治疗所需的剂量。一般说来,可以使用医学上可接受的任意施用模式,即产生有效水平的活性化合物而不引起临床不可接受的副作用的任意模式来实施本发明的方法。这种施用模式包括口腔、直肠、舌下、局部、鼻、透皮或非肠胃方法。术语“非肠胃”包括皮下、静脉内、肌肉内或输液。
剂量可以适当调整,以在局部或整体达到所需的药物水平。一般地,活性化合物的日常口服剂量为约0.1mg/kg每天-30mg/kg每天。期望IV剂量在0.01-1.00mg/kg范围内是有效的。在以该剂量患者反应不足的情况下,可以采用患者可以忍受的甚至更高的剂量(或以不同的更局部的递送途径使用有效的更高剂量)。也可以考虑在例如24小时内连续IV给药或每天多剂量,来实现化合物的合适全身水平。长期阿片使用者用于引发轻泻的优选皮下剂量是0.1-0.3mg/kg,相同患者群体的优选口服剂量是1.-3.0mg/kg。治疗术后肠梗阻的优选IV剂量是0.15mg/kg。
本发明还包括制备高压灭菌药物制剂的方法,其中甲基纳曲酮降解产物的浓度不超过制剂中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的2%。制备甲基纳曲酮的水溶液。加入pH调节酸将pH调节至4.25或更小,优选为3.0-3.5。然后根据标准方法对该溶液进行高压灭菌。一种方法包括在122℃和15磅的压力下持续20分钟进行高压灭菌。药物制剂可包含螯合剂、等渗剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、低温防护剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。根据本发明的另一方面,包含甲基纳曲酮水溶液形式的药物制剂通过使螯合剂与甲基纳曲酮溶液组合并随后将该溶液高压灭菌而制备。甲基纳曲酮的水溶液可包含缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、等渗剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。
根据本发明的又一方面,包含甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的药物制剂通过使低温防护剂如甘露醇与甲基纳曲酮配方组合而制备。该冻干制剂还可包含缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、等渗剂和阿片样物质中的任意一种、任意组合或全部。
本发明还包括通过使螯合剂、缓冲剂和抗氧化剂中的任意一种、任意组合或全部与溶解状态的甲基纳曲酮或其盐组合,抑制包含甲基纳曲酮的溶液中形成甲基纳曲酮降解产物的方法。在一个优选实施方案中,首先制备包含螯合剂、缓冲剂和/或抗氧化剂的水溶液,然后将甲基纳曲酮或其盐的粉末源溶解到水溶液中。
本发明还包括通过使螯合剂、缓冲剂和抗氧化剂中的任意一种、任意组合或全部与凝胶基质中的甲基纳曲酮或其盐组合,抑制包含甲基纳曲酮的凝胶中形成甲基纳曲酮降解产物的方法。在一个优选实施方案中,首先制备包含螯合剂、缓冲剂和/或抗氧化剂的凝胶,然后将甲基纳曲酮或其盐的粉末源溶解到凝胶中。本文所用溶液包括凝胶。
本发明的药物制剂可以提供为颗粒。本文所用颗粒是指纳米或微米颗粒(或者在某些情况下更大),其可全部或部分由本文所述的外周阿片拮抗剂或其他治疗药组成。所述颗粒可包含由包衣包覆的治疗药芯,所述包衣包括但不限于肠溶包衣。治疗药还可分散于整个颗粒中。治疗药还可吸附于颗粒中。所述颗粒可以具有任何级数的释放动力学,包括零级释放、一级释放、二级释放、延迟释放、持续释放、立即释放及其任何组合等。除了治疗药,所述颗粒可以包括常规用于药学和医学领域的任何物质,包括但不限于易蚀的、不易蚀的、生物可降解的或生物不可降解的物质或其组合。所述颗粒可以是包含溶液或半固体状态拮抗剂的微胶囊。所述颗粒事实上可以是任何形状。
生物不可降解和生物可降解聚合物材料都可以用于制备递送治疗药的颗粒。该聚合物可以是天然的或合成的聚合物。基于需要释放的时间选择聚合物。特别关注的生物粘合聚合物包括由H.S.Savhney,C.P.Pathak and J.A.Hubell in Macromolecules,(1993)26:581-587所描述的生物易蚀水凝胶,其教导并入本文。这些包括聚透明质酸、酪蛋白、明胶、谷胶酪蛋白、聚酸酐、聚丙烯酸、藻酸盐、脱乙酰壳多糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸己酯、聚甲基丙烯酸异癸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、聚甲基丙烯酸苯酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸异丙酯、聚丙烯酸异丁酯和聚丙烯酸十八烷酯。
本发明还提供制备包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐的水溶液、抑制甲基纳曲酮降解产物形成的稳定药物制剂的方法。提供包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐和至少一种甲基纳曲酮抑制剂的溶液。在将溶液最终装到密封容器中以形成稳定药物制剂之前或之后,以至少一种消毒技术处理该溶液,其中该方法在不向溶液中加入pH调节碱的情况下进行。
实施例
实施例1
甲基纳曲酮药物配方的制备方法
本制备方法概括如下:
1.向不锈钢槽中加入所需量的注射用水(~80%或最终体积)。
2.向槽中加入螯合剂并搅拌直至溶解。
3.向槽中加入缓冲剂并搅拌直至溶解。
4.向槽中加入甲基纳曲酮并搅拌直至溶解。
5.向槽中加入等渗剂并搅拌直至溶解。
6.将溶液的pH调整至pH3.25。
7.加入注射用水以增加体积至所需量。
8.将材料转移至供压容器中。
9.除菌过滤到无菌不锈钢压力容器中。
10.装到瓶/小瓶中,用氮清洗,然后塞住瓶/小瓶。
11.通过高压灭菌对充填的小瓶进行消毒。
所用赋形剂的准确量:
乙二胺四乙酸二钠=0.75mg/ml  在步骤2中加入
柠檬酸纳=0.199mg/ml         在步骤3中加入
柠檬酸=0.35mg/ml            在步骤3中加入
氯化钠=8.5mg/ml             在步骤5中加入
赋形剂的加入顺序如上所述。步骤2-5可以任何顺序进行。
当加入所有赋形剂和药物时,步骤6,通过加入酸来调节溶液的pH。如果在溶液中使用缓冲剂,可不需要调节pH。
对配制过程中的温度或搅拌速度没有特殊要求。配制过程中的温度可高达80℃。
实施例2
甲基纳曲酮药物配方的优选制备方法
优选制备方法如下:
甲基纳曲酮溶液的20mg/ml溶液100ml
1.向不锈钢槽中加入80ml注射用水(~80%或最终体积)。
2.向槽中加入75mg乙二胺四乙酸二钠螯合剂并搅拌直至溶解。
3.向槽中加入19.9mg柠檬酸钠和35mg柠檬酸(作为缓冲剂)并搅拌直至溶解。
4.向槽中加入2000mg甲基纳曲酮并搅拌直至溶解。
5.向槽中加入850mg氯化钠等渗剂并搅拌直至溶解。
6.根据需要调节溶液的pH。
7.加入注射用水以增加体积至100ml。
8.将材料转移至供压容器中。
9.使用0.22微米滤器除菌过滤到无菌不锈钢压力容器中。
10.充填、用氮清洗、然后塞住瓶/小瓶。
11.通过高压灭菌对充填的小瓶进行消毒。
实施例3
在制备溶液(不加入稳定剂、除菌过滤、不经高压灭菌)时和在室温下保存12个月时,使用Hewlett-Packard HP1100系列、装配有四梯度泵、程序可变波长UV探测器和Millennium数据采集系统的HPLC系统测试甲基纳曲酮(溴化物盐)及其降解产物的等渗盐水溶液。两种流动相制备如下:
反应物、标准品和介质包括作为参考标准品的甲溴化纳曲酮、三氟乙酸(ACS级)、乙腈(HPLC级)、Milli-Q水(或等同物)和甲醇(HPLC级)。溶液制备如下。将流动相A(85∶15∶0.1)(水∶甲醇∶三氟乙酸):850mL Milli-Q水加入到合适的容器中,向其中加入150mL甲醇和1.0mL三氟乙酸。充分混合溶液并使其平衡至室温。通过氦喷射使溶液脱气。将流动相B(甲醇):甲醇加入到合适的容器中,并通过氦喷射脱气。
仪器条件
分析柱:Metachem Inertsil ODS3、5μm、150×4.6mm或等同物
流动相:使用如表I所示的流动相A和B的混合物
表I
  时间(分钟)   %A   %B
  0   100   0
  15   65   35
  15   35   65
  15.1   100   0
  20   100   0
柱温:50℃
检测:280nm处UV
注射体积:20μL
运行时间:20分钟
流动速率:1.5mL/分钟
定量:峰面积反应
结论:
20mg/ml盐水药物产品批号CTM-02085
Figure G04809192719960422D000201
在25℃保存12个月之前和之后,分析得自甲基纳曲酮盐水配方的样品(未经高压灭菌)中的甲基纳曲酮降解产物。
通过HPLC分析原材料。如图1所示,甲基纳曲酮是RRT为1.0(4.364分钟)的峰。另外的峰鉴定为O-甲基纳曲酮甲溴化物,RRT为约1.57(6.868分钟)。O-甲基纳曲酮不是甲基纳曲酮的降解产物,而是得自甲基纳曲酮(药物物质)制备过程。
保存12个月的物质通过HPLC进行类似分析。色谱图如图2所示。
如同在原材料中,保存12个月的样品的HPLC分析示出RRT为1.00(3.839分钟)的甲基纳曲酮、RRT为约1.53(5.866分钟)的O-甲基-甲基纳曲酮。然而,HPLC分析表明保存12个月的甲基纳曲酮盐水配方具有在制备过程中或在药物成品保存期间所形成的至少三种降解产物。降解产物峰RRT为约0.74(2.828分钟)、0.89(3.435分钟)和1.40(5.326分钟)。
还在保存之前对使用等渗盐水溶液(不加入稳定剂)、除菌过滤并高压灭菌而制备的甲基纳曲酮溶液进行了HPLC分析。该盐水、高压灭菌溶液包含制备或保存期间所形成的降解产物,如上所述(数据未示出)。
实施例4
皮下配方的制备
使用非常低的柠檬酸盐水平可见的降解产物与使用普通盐水溶液可见的相同。这些低柠檬酸盐配方经高压灭菌,并在三个月后观测到的每种降解产物的量均小于0.1%。用于柠檬酸盐/EDTA配方的配比如下所列:
                                  mg/mL
甲基纳曲酮                        30mg
氯化钠                            4mg
柠檬酸                            0.0875mg
柠檬酸三钠                        0.0496mg
乙二胺四乙酸二钠                  0.75mg
注射用水                          补充至1g
该溶液的pH为3.5,并能够承受高压灭菌过程。
实施例5
甲基纳曲酮冻干药物配方的制备方法
如下所列的冻干循环是本领域普通技术人员所熟知的标准程序。该循环用于制备实施例6和7中分析的甲基纳曲酮冻干制剂。
1.在室温(20-25℃)下装入腔中
2.将支架温度以1.0℃/min降至-45℃
3.在-45℃保持支架温度120分钟
4.当冷凝器低于-50℃时,将腔抽空至100-125mt
5.使支架以0.5℃/min升温至-20℃
6.在-20℃保持16小时
7.使支架以0.10℃/min升温至+27℃
8.保持至少8小时,在整个循环中保持腔中压力为100-125mt。
9.使用除菌过滤的氮恢复腔中压力至11.0PSIA+或-1.0,然后固定气门(2”Hg),然后使用氮放至大气压力以卸载。
实施例6
甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的稳定性
以下数据报告使用不同低温防护剂的甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的稳定性。
 低温防护剂   pH   降解产物总量
 甘露醇   5.0   0.34%
 聚乙烯基吡咯烷(pyrrolidone)   4.1   0.37%
 聚乙二醇   5.7   0.44%
 组氨酸   7.4   0.55%
实施例7
甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的稳定性
以下数据报告与缓冲配方相比甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的稳定性。不同制备阶段的相关物质总量
  1   2   3   4   5   6
主要成分 硫代甘油   柠檬酸盐缓冲剂pH3.5   柠檬酸盐缓冲剂pH5   乙酸盐缓冲剂pH3.6   使用甘露醇冻干   使用乳糖冻干
  未经高压灭菌   0.13   0.12   0.16   0.20   0.14   0.12
  经高压灭菌   0.91   0.23   0.61   1.39   n/a   n/a
  稳定性(室温下2个月)   1.10   0.16   0.48   1.26   0.15   0.15
应该理解,本领域的普通技术人员显然可以对本文所描述的优选实施方案进行各种变化和更改。这种变化和更改可以在不背离本发明的实质和范围且不减小其优点的情况下进行。因此,所附权利要求覆盖这种变化和更改,包括等同方式。本文中列出的所有专利、专利申请和参考文献的整体内容都通过引入并入本文。

Claims (43)

1.一种稳定的药物制剂,包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液,其中
该制剂具有3.0-4.0的pH。
2.权利要求1的药物制剂,其中所述溶液包含选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂及其组合的降解抑制剂。
3.权利要求1的药物制剂,其中所述制剂不含甲基纳曲酮降解产物。
4.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其包含螯合剂。
5.权利要求4的药物制剂,其中螯合剂选自乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸、烟酰胺、去氧胆酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钾、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸三钠和乙二胺四乙酸钾。
6.权利要求5的药物制剂,其中螯合剂是EDTA、乙二胺四乙酸二钾、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸三钠或乙二胺四乙酸钾。
7.权利要求6的药物制剂,其中所述螯合剂是EDTA。
8.权利要求7的药物制剂,其中鳌合剂的存在浓度是0.1-2.5mg/ml。
9.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其包含缓冲剂。
10.权利要求9的药物制剂,其中缓冲剂选自柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、乙酸、磷酸钠、磷酸、抗坏血酸钠、酒石酸、马来酸、甘氨酸、乳酸钠、乳酸、抗坏血酸、咪唑、碳酸氢钠、碳酸、琥珀酸钠、琥珀酸、组氨酸、苯甲酸钠和苯甲酸。
11.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其包含抗氧化剂。
12.权利要求11的药物制剂,其中抗氧化剂选自抗坏血酸、丁基化羟基茴醚、丁基化羟基甲苯、没食子酸烷基酯、偏亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢钠、连二亚硫酸钠、巯基乙醇酸钠、甲醛次硫酸氢钠、生育酚、一硫代甘油和亚硫酸钠。
13.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其还包含等渗剂。
14.权利要求13的药物制剂,其中等渗剂选自氯化钠、甘露醇、乳糖、葡萄糖、山梨糖醇和甘油。
15.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其还包含低温防护剂。
16.权利要求15的药物制剂,低温防护剂是多元醇。
17.权利要求15的药物制剂,低温防护剂是甘露醇。
18.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其中
pH用HCl、柠檬酸、硫酸、乙酸或磷酸调节。
19.权利要求18的药物制剂,其中制剂的pH在3.0-3.5的范围内。
20.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其中甲基纳曲酮或其盐的浓度为1.0-50.0mg/ml。
21.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其中制剂在至少一种灭菌技术下处理。
22.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其中溶液提供在a)具有隔膜的小瓶中,b)注射器、输液袋或可密封瓶中,或者c)容器中,其中所述容器包括表明药物制剂已高压灭菌的标记。
23.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,其中所述溶液提供在安瓿中。
24.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂,还包含防腐剂。
25.权利要求24的药物制剂,其中所述防腐剂选自氯丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸酯、硫柳汞、苯甲醇和苯酚。
26.权利要求24的药物制剂,其中所述防腐剂是苯甲醇。
27.权利要求1至3中任意一项的药物制剂在制备用于治疗与阿片治疗相关的副作用的药物中的用途。
28.权利要求27所述的用途,其中副作用是便秘。
29.生产包含甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液的稳定的药物制剂的方法,所述方法包括将甲基纳曲酮或其盐的溶液的pH调节至3.0-4.0。
30.权利要求29的方法,包括将所述溶液的pH调节至3.0-3.5的范围。
31.权利要求29的方法,其中所述制剂还含有选自螯合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂的降解抑制剂或其组合。
32.权利要求29的方法,其中螯合剂是EDTA、乙二胺四乙酸二钾、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸三钠或乙二胺四乙酸钾。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中螯合剂的存在浓度为0.1-2.5mg/ml。
34.权利要求29的方法,其中所述制剂还包含等渗剂。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中等渗剂是氯化钠。
36.权利要求31的方法,其中所述制剂还含有低温防护剂。
37.权利要求29的方法,还包括将所述溶液冻干。
38.一种药物制剂,通过权利要求29至37中任意一项所述的方法制备。
39.一种试剂盒,包括含有密封容器的包装和使用说明书,所述密封容器包含权利要求1-25的药物制剂。
40.权利要求39的试剂盒,还包括稀释剂容器,所述稀释剂容器包含药学上可接受的稀释剂,其中:a)稀释剂是5%葡萄糖溶液或生理盐水溶液;b)稀释剂包含在可密封瓶或输液袋中;和/或c)试剂盒还包括混合制剂和稀释剂的说明书。
41.权利要求39或40的试剂盒,还包括含有阿片样物质的阿片样物质容器。
42.权利要求41的试剂盒,其中阿片样物质选自阿芬他尼、阿尼利定、阿西马朵林、布马佐辛、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、可待因、地佐辛、二乙酰吗啡、双氢可待因、地芬诺酯、非多托秦、芬太尼、富纳曲胺、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、左洛啡烷、左醋美沙朵、左啡诺、洛哌丁胺、哌替啶、美沙酮、吗啡、吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸、纳布啡、烯丙吗啡、阿片、羟考酮、羟吗啡酮、喷他佐辛、丙吡兰、丙氧芬、瑞米芬太尼、舒芬太尼、替利定、曲美布汀和曲马多。
43.一种包含甲基纳曲酮冻干配方的产品,所述甲基纳曲酮冻干配方从包含权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的药物制剂的溶液制备。
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