US2161985A - Process of producing radio-active elements - Google Patents

Process of producing radio-active elements Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2161985A
US2161985A US10500A US1050035A US2161985A US 2161985 A US2161985 A US 2161985A US 10500 A US10500 A US 10500A US 1050035 A US1050035 A US 1050035A US 2161985 A US2161985 A US 2161985A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
radio
compound
natural
active
natural element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US10500A
Inventor
Szilard Leo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2161985A publication Critical patent/US2161985A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G21NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21GCONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G1/00Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
    • G21G1/02Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes in nuclear reactors

Definitions

  • PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS Filed March 11, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet I5 Patented June 13, 1939 NKTED ST S PATEN FFHC Z1251 PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS Leo Szilard, New York, N. Y.
  • This invention concerns methods and apparatus for the generation of radio-active bodies.
  • radio-active elements may be produced from nat- 5 ural elements by bombarding a natural element or compounds of natural elements with neutrons produced in various ways, more particularly, by subjecting the natural elements to neutrons emanating from a target containing lithium, which 10 target is subjected to a bombardment with last deuterons.
  • Another feature of the invention is directed to the production of radio-active elements from natural elements by exposing the natural elements to an irradiation with neutrons I5 which are liberated from certain elements under the action of X-rays.
  • Another feature of the invention is directed to chemically concentrating radio-active elements produced from natural elements if the radio-active element is isotopic a with the natural element from which it is produced.
  • Figure 1 represents a sectional elevation of an apparatus for carrying out the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a more constructional lay-out 39 of the apparatus of Figure 1
  • FIG. 3 shows the circuit arrangements for further modified apparatus
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view of apparatus intended to co-operate with that shown in Figure 3.
  • the tube II is filled with deuterium and an anode A and cathode B are provided for connection to a source 40 of high voltage.
  • the deuterons are thus pro- J'ected at high speed and pass through the cathode B.
  • the deuterons fall on a substance IS in a sealed container BA.
  • the substance l3 consists, for instance, of lithium.
  • the collision of the fast diplogen ions with the substance l3 causes transmutation, i. e. a nuclear reaction of the deuteron with an atom of the target.
  • the substance I3 is surrounded by a thick layer l4 containing the element which it is desired to transmute into a 5 radio-active element.
  • the thickness of the layer I 4 has to be sufiiciently great, compared with the mean free path of the neutron, to prevent escape of any of the neutrons.
  • FIG. 55 shows in more detail the electrical discharge tube H referred to in Figure 1.
  • the tube essentially consists of a main portion I 6 serving to accelerate the deuterons and an auxiliary tube T for initiating the flow.
  • A is the anode and IS the cathode of the auxiliary tube, deuterium being admitted thereto through the inlet 13B and being pumped away through the outlet MA.
  • the flow initiated by the auxiliary tube is accelerated by passage through the main tube It which is maintained exhausted by suction outlets I 4 and I4, and which has a high potential gradient, there being a million volt potential difference between the ends of the tube.
  • the accelerated deuterons emerge through the neck I4 of the tube l6 and collide with the substance l3 as de- 15 scribed with reference to Figure 1 of the drawmgs.
  • the bombardment by the accelerated deuterons results in emission of uncharged particles of mass of the order of magnitude of the mass of a proton.
  • uncharged nuclei 1. e. neutrons penetrate even substances containing the heavier elements without ionisation losses, and will cause the formation of radioactive substances in the layer I4 exposed to them.
  • the ionisation losses suffered by the deuterium nuclei are comparatively small in light elements and also that the substance to be made radio-active is irradiated with neutrons i. e. uncharged nuclei, which pass through even heavy elements without ionising them.
  • the substance l4 exposed for treatment by the neutron radiation may be in the form of an organic compound for the purpose of carrying out separation of the generated radio-active element, as described more fully hereinafter.
  • Neutron radiation may also be produced by the action of X-rays upon an element having a dissociable neutron at the prevailing voltage, and apparatus for carrying out this process will now be described with reference to Figure 3 of the drawings.
  • I is the primary of a transformer, the secondary 2 of which is connected to the junctions 3 and 4.
  • the junction 3 is connected to the cathode 8 of the rectifier tube 5 and to the anode I of the rectifier tube 6.
  • the junction 4 is connected to the cathode 9 of the rectifier tube l0 and to the anode ll of the rectifier tube l2.
  • the cathodes l3 and I4 are connected to each other and to earth.
  • the anodes l5 and I6 are connected at H, and fom this point are connected to the pole I of the impulse generator 20, 56
  • the impulse generator 20 is built of condensers 2
  • the impulse generator and rectifying unit shortly described above, are known components adapted to give an extremely high voltage for a fraction of a second. With such a system voltages up to 3 million volts have been obtained.
  • the negative side of the impulse generator is connected to a spark gap device 25, which in turn is connected with the cathode 26 of the discharge tube 24.
  • the latter is built up from rings 24A of which only a few are shown-in the drawings. It will, however, be understood that the rings are continuous to enclose a space which is exhausted through the outlet 24B.
  • the anode 21 of the tube is connected to earth and is formed by a metallic window.
  • a body of material 28 is arranged at the external side of the window 21.
  • FIG. 4 of the drawings there is shown the lower portion of the discharge tube 24 with a device therebeneath for utilising the hard X-rays capable of being produced with the aid of the fast electrons emerging through the anode 21 of the tube 24.
  • the device consists of a block 34 of the element which is to be made radioactive, a block 32 of an element with a dissociable neutron, being located therein.
  • An aperture is formed in both the blocks 32 and 34 to allow entry of the cathode rays from the tube 24 above.
  • the blocks 32 and 34 are also arranged to accommodate a wheel 30 and axle 35.
  • the wheel 30 at its periphery carries a covering of tungsten or lead 3
  • acts as an anticathode and is cooled with water introduced along the bearing for the axle 35.
  • the block 34 may be in the form of a cube having a length of side of 50 cm., whilst the block 32 can also be of cube form with a side of 25 cm.
  • the block 34 may be formed of iodine or arsenic or other material which lends itself to being made radio-active.
  • the block 32 may be of metallic beryllium. In order that an isotopic separation as described hereinafter may be performed after irradiation the material of the block 34 may be in the form of an organic compound.
  • a voltage of 3 million volts may be used for the discharge tube and inoperation the wheel 30 is rotated so that electrons passing through the anode 21 of the tube 24 hit the rotating anticathode covering 3!.
  • the fast electrons strike the anti-cathode, hard X-rays are proucked which penetrate the beryllium block 32 and cause neutrons to be released therefrom, which neutrons then act upon the block 34.
  • a compound of the element it is desired to make radioactive is chosen such that the freed radio-active isotope of the element will not interchange with the combined atoms of the element within the compound, whereby the freed isotope may be chemically separated from the irradiated compound.
  • the element whose radioactive isotope is to be isolated can be conveniently irradiated in the form of a compound in which it is bound to carbon.
  • the radio-active iodine isotope may be chemically separated from the original iodine compound in the form of free iodine.
  • a small amount of normal iodine may be dissolved in the organic iodine compound before irradiation or after irradiation but before separation.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with the said natural element which comprises subjecting a compound of said natural element to. an irradiation which will transform some of said natural element into a radio-active isotope of said natural element, said compound of said natural element being one which in the environment in which the irradiation is being carried out does not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes which are outside the compound.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element which comprises subjecting a compound of said natural element to irradiation with neutrons which will transform some of said natural element into a radio-active isotope of said natural element, said compound of said natural element being one which does not interchange in the environment in which the irradiation is carried out, atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes which are outside the compound.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element which comprises irradiating with neutrons a compound which contains carbon, in which said natural element is bound to carbon and which compound will not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes outside the compound.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen which produce neutron radiation under the action of said X-rays, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons having an energy of at least 3,000,000 volts, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen from which neutrons are liberated by X-rays of 3,000,000 volts energy, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing beryllium to the action of said X-rays to produce neutron radiation, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
  • the method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen which produce neutron radiation under the action of said X-rays, and irradiating by said neutron radiation a compound of said natural element which in the environment in which said irradia tion is carried out will not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation from the compound said natural element and its isotopes outside the compound.

Description

June 13, 1939. L. SZILARD 2,161,985
PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS Filed March 11, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Jun 13, 1939. sz 2,161,985
PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS June 13, 1939. sz 2,161,985
PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS Filed March 11, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet I5 Patented June 13, 1939 NKTED ST S PATEN FFHC Z1251 PROCESS OF PRODUCING RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS Leo Szilard, New York, N. Y.
9 Claims.
This invention concerns methods and apparatus for the generation of radio-active bodies.
According to one feature of my invention, radio-active elements may be produced from nat- 5 ural elements by bombarding a natural element or compounds of natural elements with neutrons produced in various ways, more particularly, by subjecting the natural elements to neutrons emanating from a target containing lithium, which 10 target is subjected to a bombardment with last deuterons. Another feature of the invention is directed to the production of radio-active elements from natural elements by exposing the natural elements to an irradiation with neutrons I5 which are liberated from certain elements under the action of X-rays. Another feature of the invention is directed to chemically concentrating radio-active elements produced from natural elements if the radio-active element is isotopic a with the natural element from which it is produced.
Other features of the invention will appear in the following detailed description referring to the drawings, and will be more particularly pointed 25 out in the claims.
In the drawings,
Figure 1 represents a sectional elevation of an apparatus for carrying out the invention, 2
Figure 2 shows a more constructional lay-out 39 of the apparatus of Figure 1,
Figure 3 shows the circuit arrangements for further modified apparatus and,
Figure 4 is a sectional view of apparatus intended to co-operate with that shown in Figure 3.
Referring first to Figure 1 of the drawings, l I
is an electrical discharge tube adapted to project a beam l2 of fast deuterons. The tube II is filled with deuterium and an anode A and cathode B are provided for connection to a source 40 of high voltage. The deuterons are thus pro- J'ected at high speed and pass through the cathode B. The deuterons fall on a substance IS in a sealed container BA. The substance l3 consists, for instance, of lithium. The collision of the fast diplogen ions with the substance l3 causes transmutation, i. e. a nuclear reaction of the deuteron with an atom of the target. The substance I3 is surrounded by a thick layer l4 containing the element which it is desired to transmute into a 5 radio-active element. In order to have a high efliciency, the thickness of the layer I 4 has to be sufiiciently great, compared with the mean free path of the neutron, to prevent escape of any of the neutrons.
55 Figure 2 shows in more detail the electrical discharge tube H referred to in Figure 1. The tube essentially consists of a main portion I 6 serving to accelerate the deuterons and an auxiliary tube T for initiating the flow. A is the anode and IS the cathode of the auxiliary tube, deuterium being admitted thereto through the inlet 13B and being pumped away through the outlet MA. The flow initiated by the auxiliary tube is accelerated by passage through the main tube It which is maintained exhausted by suction outlets I 4 and I4, and which has a high potential gradient, there being a million volt potential difference between the ends of the tube. The accelerated deuterons emerge through the neck I4 of the tube l6 and collide with the substance l3 as de- 15 scribed with reference to Figure 1 of the drawmgs.
If the substance I3 is a light element for instance lithium, then the bombardment by the accelerated deuterons results in emission of uncharged particles of mass of the order of magnitude of the mass of a proton. Such uncharged nuclei 1. e. neutrons, penetrate even substances containing the heavier elements without ionisation losses, and will cause the formation of radioactive substances in the layer I4 exposed to them.
It is to be noted that by the method so far described, the ionisation losses suffered by the deuterium nuclei are comparatively small in light elements and also that the substance to be made radio-active is irradiated with neutrons i. e. uncharged nuclei, which pass through even heavy elements without ionising them. The substance l4 exposed for treatment by the neutron radiation may be in the form of an organic compound for the purpose of carrying out separation of the generated radio-active element, as described more fully hereinafter.
Neutron radiation may also be produced by the action of X-rays upon an element having a dissociable neutron at the prevailing voltage, and apparatus for carrying out this process will now be described with reference to Figure 3 of the drawings.
In Figure 3, I is the primary of a transformer, the secondary 2 of which is connected to the junctions 3 and 4. The junction 3 is connected to the cathode 8 of the rectifier tube 5 and to the anode I of the rectifier tube 6. The junction 4 is connected to the cathode 9 of the rectifier tube l0 and to the anode ll of the rectifier tube l2. The cathodes l3 and I4 are connected to each other and to earth. The anodes l5 and I6 are connected at H, and fom this point are connected to the pole I of the impulse generator 20, 56
the pole 19 of which is connected to earth. The impulse generator 20 is built of condensers 2|, resistances 22 and spark-gap devices 23.
The impulse generator and rectifying unit shortly described above, are known components adapted to give an extremely high voltage for a fraction of a second. With such a system voltages up to 3 million volts have been obtained. The negative side of the impulse generator is connected to a spark gap device 25, which in turn is connected with the cathode 26 of the discharge tube 24. The latter is built up from rings 24A of which only a few are shown-in the drawings. It will, however, be understood that the rings are continuous to enclose a space which is exhausted through the outlet 24B. The anode 21 of the tube is connected to earth and is formed by a metallic window. A body of material 28 is arranged at the external side of the window 21.
.20 When the impulse generator operates to produce discharge between the cathode 26 and anode 27 of the tube 24, fast electrons penetrate the anode 21 and impinge .upon the body 28. The latter when formed of Bi or Pb or some other heavy element, efliciently acts as an anti-cathode and hard X-rays are produced.
In Figure 4 of the drawings there is shown the lower portion of the discharge tube 24 with a device therebeneath for utilising the hard X-rays capable of being produced with the aid of the fast electrons emerging through the anode 21 of the tube 24. The device consists of a block 34 of the element which is to be made radioactive, a block 32 of an element with a dissociable neutron, being located therein. An aperture is formed in both the blocks 32 and 34 to allow entry of the cathode rays from the tube 24 above. The blocks 32 and 34 are also arranged to accommodate a wheel 30 and axle 35. The wheel 30 at its periphery carries a covering of tungsten or lead 3|. The covering 3| acts as an anticathode and is cooled with water introduced along the bearing for the axle 35. The block 34 may be in the form of a cube having a length of side of 50 cm., whilst the block 32 can also be of cube form with a side of 25 cm. For the sake of example the block 34 may be formed of iodine or arsenic or other material which lends itself to being made radio-active. The block 32 may be of metallic beryllium. In order that an isotopic separation as described hereinafter may be performed after irradiation the material of the block 34 may be in the form of an organic compound. A voltage of 3 million volts may be used for the discharge tube and inoperation the wheel 30 is rotated so that electrons passing through the anode 21 of the tube 24 hit the rotating anticathode covering 3!. When the fast electrons strike the anti-cathode, hard X-rays are pro duced which penetrate the beryllium block 32 and cause neutrons to be released therefrom, which neutrons then act upon the block 34.
It may be that fast electrons and hard X-rays have a similar eifect upon beryllium and one may therefore contemplate the making of the covering 3| of the wheel 30 from beryllium, the beryllium block 32 then being dispensed with, so that the neutrons released directly from the beryllium anti-cathode may enter and act upon the block 34.
It is found that when various elements are irradiated with neutrons by the process described above, practically all elements which become radio-active transmute into their own radioactive isotopes, and it becomes diflicult to separate these radio-active isotopes from the remaining portion of the element unaffected. In order to achieve separation of the radio-active element from the non-radio-active part thereof the following process may be adopted. This process is based on the fact that if a compound of an element is irradiated by neutrons, and if an atom of the element transmutes into the radio-active isotope. then this atom is freed from the compound. In accordance with the process, a compound of the element it is desired to make radioactive is chosen such that the freed radio-active isotope of the element will not interchange with the combined atoms of the element within the compound, whereby the freed isotope may be chemically separated from the irradiated compound. Very often the element whose radioactive isotope is to be isolated, can be conveniently irradiated in the form of a compound in which it is bound to carbon. Thus in the case of iodine compounds such as iodoform or ethyl iodide, the radio-active iodine isotope may be chemically separated from the original iodine compound in the form of free iodine. In order to protect the radio-active iodine isotope a small amount of normal iodine may be dissolved in the organic iodine compound before irradiation or after irradiation but before separation.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. The method of producing a radio-active element from a natural element by causing fast deuterons to impinge on a target containing lithium, and exposing a layer of the natural element to be transformed into a radio-active element to the neutron radiation emitted by the said target.
2. The method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with the said natural element, which comprises subjecting a compound of said natural element to. an irradiation which will transform some of said natural element into a radio-active isotope of said natural element, said compound of said natural element being one which in the environment in which the irradiation is being carried out does not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes which are outside the compound.
3. The method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element, which comprises subjecting a compound of said natural element to irradiation with neutrons which will transform some of said natural element into a radio-active isotope of said natural element, said compound of said natural element being one which does not interchange in the environment in which the irradiation is carried out, atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes which are outside the compound.
4. The method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element, which comprises irradiating with neutrons an organic compound of said natural element which will not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes outside the compound.
5. The method of producing from a natural element a concentrate of a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element, which comprises irradiating with neutrons a compound which contains carbon, in which said natural element is bound to carbon and which compound will not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation, from the compound said natural element and its isotopes outside the compound.
6. The method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen which produce neutron radiation under the action of said X-rays, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
7. The method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons having an energy of at least 3,000,000 volts, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen from which neutrons are liberated by X-rays of 3,000,000 volts energy, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
8. The method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with the natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing beryllium to the action of said X-rays to produce neutron radiation, and producing a radio-active element from a natural element by exposing the natural element to said neutron radiation.
9. The method of producing from a natural element a radio-active element which is isotopic with said natural element comprising the steps of producing fast electrons, directing them toward a target adapted to produce X-rays under the impact of said electrons, exposing to the action of said X-rays an element of the class consisting of beryllium and heavy hydrogen which produce neutron radiation under the action of said X-rays, and irradiating by said neutron radiation a compound of said natural element which in the environment in which said irradia tion is carried out will not interchange atoms of said natural element bound in the compound with atoms of said natural element or its isotopes outside the compound, and separating, after irradiation from the compound said natural element and its isotopes outside the compound.
LEO SZILARD.
US10500A 1934-03-12 1935-03-11 Process of producing radio-active elements Expired - Lifetime US2161985A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2161985X 1934-03-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2161985A true US2161985A (en) 1939-06-13

Family

ID=10900109

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10500A Expired - Lifetime US2161985A (en) 1934-03-12 1935-03-11 Process of producing radio-active elements

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US2161985A (en)

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2420845A (en) * 1944-06-15 1947-05-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Short exposure x-ray apparatus
US2429217A (en) * 1942-05-07 1947-10-21 Electronized Chem Corp Device for treatment of matters with high-speed electrons
US2498735A (en) * 1947-12-26 1950-02-28 Electronized Chem Corp Electronic aging of alcoholic beverages
US2504585A (en) * 1945-01-26 1950-04-18 Atomic Energy Commission Cyclotron target
US2524240A (en) * 1947-09-26 1950-10-03 Ernest W Titterton High-voltage generator circuits
US2534222A (en) * 1947-09-24 1950-12-19 Electronized Chem Corp Methods of detoxifying poisonous compounds
US2554316A (en) * 1945-05-01 1951-05-22 Allen F Reid Production of radioactive halogens
US2585649A (en) * 1945-07-03 1952-02-12 Atomic Energy Commission Reaction comparison apparatus
US2666814A (en) * 1949-04-27 1954-01-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor translating device
US2689918A (en) * 1952-04-26 1954-09-21 Well Surveys Inc Static atmosphere ion accelerator for well logging
US2737593A (en) * 1952-07-03 1956-03-06 High Voltage Engineering Corp Method of irradiating streams of liquids, gases, finely divided solids, etc., by continuous beams of high instantaneous ionization density
US2781309A (en) * 1945-11-02 1957-02-12 Joseph S Levinger Radiation system
US2836554A (en) * 1945-05-29 1958-05-27 Fermi Enrico Air cooled neutronic reactor
US2845544A (en) * 1945-08-11 1958-07-29 Glenn T Seaborg Neutron measuring method and apparatus
US2902613A (en) * 1954-04-09 1959-09-01 Gen Electric Adaptation of a high energy electron accelerator as a neutron source
US2952775A (en) * 1959-02-17 1960-09-13 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for the analytical determination of deuterium
US2967245A (en) * 1954-03-08 1961-01-03 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Neutron source for well logging apparatus
US3071690A (en) * 1949-07-30 1963-01-01 Well Surveys Inc Well logging radiation sources
US3084629A (en) * 1957-08-12 1963-04-09 George J Yevick Fluid impulse mechanism
US3094474A (en) * 1960-11-22 1963-06-18 High Voltage Engineering Corp Apparatus for carrying on nuclear reactions
US3152958A (en) * 1957-09-02 1964-10-13 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Nuclear fusion method
US3438855A (en) * 1966-12-02 1969-04-15 Sanders Nuclear Corp Purifying radioactive isotopes
US3516906A (en) * 1966-11-28 1970-06-23 Willard H Bennett Production of nuclear reactions by highly concentrated electron beams
WO1996036391A2 (en) * 1995-05-01 1996-11-21 Stephen Shapiro High efficiency variable energy and intensity photon radiation source
US20110194662A1 (en) * 2010-02-11 2011-08-11 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Accelerator-based method of producing isotopes
WO2011111010A1 (en) * 2010-03-10 2011-09-15 The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited Method of producing radionuclides
US20110272272A1 (en) * 2010-05-10 2011-11-10 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Method of producing molybdenum-99
US20120069946A1 (en) * 2010-09-22 2012-03-22 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact Radioisotope Generator
US20150179290A1 (en) * 2009-12-07 2015-06-25 James E. Clayton System and method for generating molybdenum-99 and metastable technetium-99, and other isotopes
US10734126B2 (en) 2011-04-28 2020-08-04 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions
US10978214B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2021-04-13 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
US11238999B2 (en) * 2011-12-05 2022-02-01 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Apparatus and method for generating medical isotopes
US11361873B2 (en) 2012-04-05 2022-06-14 Shine Technologies, Llc Aqueous assembly and control method
US11830637B2 (en) * 2008-05-02 2023-11-28 Shine Technologies, Llc Device and method for producing medical isotopes

Cited By (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2429217A (en) * 1942-05-07 1947-10-21 Electronized Chem Corp Device for treatment of matters with high-speed electrons
US2420845A (en) * 1944-06-15 1947-05-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Short exposure x-ray apparatus
US2504585A (en) * 1945-01-26 1950-04-18 Atomic Energy Commission Cyclotron target
US2554316A (en) * 1945-05-01 1951-05-22 Allen F Reid Production of radioactive halogens
US2836554A (en) * 1945-05-29 1958-05-27 Fermi Enrico Air cooled neutronic reactor
US2585649A (en) * 1945-07-03 1952-02-12 Atomic Energy Commission Reaction comparison apparatus
US2845544A (en) * 1945-08-11 1958-07-29 Glenn T Seaborg Neutron measuring method and apparatus
US2781309A (en) * 1945-11-02 1957-02-12 Joseph S Levinger Radiation system
US2534222A (en) * 1947-09-24 1950-12-19 Electronized Chem Corp Methods of detoxifying poisonous compounds
US2524240A (en) * 1947-09-26 1950-10-03 Ernest W Titterton High-voltage generator circuits
US2498735A (en) * 1947-12-26 1950-02-28 Electronized Chem Corp Electronic aging of alcoholic beverages
US2666814A (en) * 1949-04-27 1954-01-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor translating device
US3071690A (en) * 1949-07-30 1963-01-01 Well Surveys Inc Well logging radiation sources
US2689918A (en) * 1952-04-26 1954-09-21 Well Surveys Inc Static atmosphere ion accelerator for well logging
US2737593A (en) * 1952-07-03 1956-03-06 High Voltage Engineering Corp Method of irradiating streams of liquids, gases, finely divided solids, etc., by continuous beams of high instantaneous ionization density
US2967245A (en) * 1954-03-08 1961-01-03 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Neutron source for well logging apparatus
US2902613A (en) * 1954-04-09 1959-09-01 Gen Electric Adaptation of a high energy electron accelerator as a neutron source
US3084629A (en) * 1957-08-12 1963-04-09 George J Yevick Fluid impulse mechanism
US3152958A (en) * 1957-09-02 1964-10-13 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Nuclear fusion method
US2952775A (en) * 1959-02-17 1960-09-13 Shell Oil Co Method and apparatus for the analytical determination of deuterium
US3094474A (en) * 1960-11-22 1963-06-18 High Voltage Engineering Corp Apparatus for carrying on nuclear reactions
US3516906A (en) * 1966-11-28 1970-06-23 Willard H Bennett Production of nuclear reactions by highly concentrated electron beams
US3438855A (en) * 1966-12-02 1969-04-15 Sanders Nuclear Corp Purifying radioactive isotopes
WO1996036391A2 (en) * 1995-05-01 1996-11-21 Stephen Shapiro High efficiency variable energy and intensity photon radiation source
WO1996036391A3 (en) * 1995-05-01 1997-01-16 Stephen Shapiro High efficiency variable energy and intensity photon radiation source
US11830637B2 (en) * 2008-05-02 2023-11-28 Shine Technologies, Llc Device and method for producing medical isotopes
US20150179290A1 (en) * 2009-12-07 2015-06-25 James E. Clayton System and method for generating molybdenum-99 and metastable technetium-99, and other isotopes
US10242760B2 (en) 2009-12-07 2019-03-26 Varian Medical Systems, Inc. System and method for generating molybdenum-99 and metastable technetium-99, and other isotopes
US9196388B2 (en) * 2009-12-07 2015-11-24 Varian Medical Systems, Inc. System and method for generating molybdenum-99 and metastable technetium-99, and other isotopes
US11894157B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2024-02-06 Shine Technologies, Llc Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
US10978214B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2021-04-13 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
US9177679B2 (en) * 2010-02-11 2015-11-03 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Accelerator-based method of producing isotopes
US20110194662A1 (en) * 2010-02-11 2011-08-11 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Accelerator-based method of producing isotopes
AU2011225719B2 (en) * 2010-03-10 2014-05-22 The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited Method of producing radionuclides
CN103069500A (en) * 2010-03-10 2013-04-24 南非核能有限公司 Method of producing radionuclides
CN103069500B (en) * 2010-03-10 2016-10-12 南非核能有限公司 The method producing radionuclide
US9047998B2 (en) 2010-03-10 2015-06-02 The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited Method of producing radionuclides
WO2011111010A1 (en) * 2010-03-10 2011-09-15 The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited Method of producing radionuclides
US20110272272A1 (en) * 2010-05-10 2011-11-10 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Method of producing molybdenum-99
US8450629B2 (en) * 2010-05-10 2013-05-28 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Method of producing molybdenum-99
US20120069946A1 (en) * 2010-09-22 2012-03-22 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact Radioisotope Generator
US11315699B2 (en) 2010-09-22 2022-04-26 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Composition of matter comprising a radioisotope composition
US11387011B2 (en) 2010-09-22 2022-07-12 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact radioisotope generator
US10186337B2 (en) * 2010-09-22 2019-01-22 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact radioisotope generator
US10734126B2 (en) 2011-04-28 2020-08-04 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions
US11238999B2 (en) * 2011-12-05 2022-02-01 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Apparatus and method for generating medical isotopes
US11361873B2 (en) 2012-04-05 2022-06-14 Shine Technologies, Llc Aqueous assembly and control method

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2161985A (en) Process of producing radio-active elements
GB862900A (en) Continuous plasma generator
Lenk et al. Excitation Function for the Al 27 (d, α p) Na 24 Reaction Between 0 and 28.1 Mev
Perlman et al. Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum and Tantalum with High Energy Particles
Pontecorvo Nuclear isomerism and internal conversion
Afrosimov et al. IONIZATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN BY H+, Ht, AND Ht IONS
US3896392A (en) All-magnetic extraction for cyclotron beam reacceleration
Miller et al. High-energy photoneutrons from 12C
Belyaeva et al. Location of fast deuterons in a plasma focus
GB440023A (en) Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements
Livingston et al. History of the cyclotron (part 1, livingston; part 2 mcmillan)
Glasson LXIX. Attempts to detect the presence of neutrons in a discharge tube
Mann Nuclear Transformations Produced in Zinc by Alpha-Particle Bombardment
RU2169405C1 (en) Method for transmutation of long-living radioactive isotopes into short-living or stable ones
Aebersold The cyclotron: a nuclear transformer
Morrissey et al. Implications of the target residue mass and charge distributions in the interaction of 8.0 GeV20Ne with181Ta
US2957096A (en) Neutron source
Konecny et al. Pairing effect in fission fragment charge distributions
Fajans et al. A Note on the Radiochemistry of Europium
De Jesus et al. The Search for 92Ru and 64Ge
Ruddy et al. Fissile Nuclei of Medium Mass with Nanosecond Lifetimes
Tsukerman et al. New sources of X Rays
Van Voorhis et al. Proton Source for Atomic Disintegration Experiments
Nolen et al. An advanced ISOL facility based on ATLAS
Mann et al. Radiation from Zn 65