US2998359A - Method for preparing anodes for cathodic protection systems - Google Patents

Method for preparing anodes for cathodic protection systems Download PDF

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US2998359A
US2998359A US776206A US77620658A US2998359A US 2998359 A US2998359 A US 2998359A US 776206 A US776206 A US 776206A US 77620658 A US77620658 A US 77620658A US 2998359 A US2998359 A US 2998359A
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platinum
base
titanium
tantalum
anode
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US776206A
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Edward P Anderson
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Engelhard Industries Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/12—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/022—Anodisation on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/36—Phosphatising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/31—Immersed structures, e.g. submarine structures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S205/00—Electrolysis: processes, compositions used therein, and methods of preparing the compositions
    • Y10S205/917—Treatment of workpiece between coating steps

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the preparation of anodes for cathodic protection purposes. 7
  • a principal object of the present invention is to reduce the cost of making anodes for cathodic protection systems.
  • this object is achieved by using a spray coating technique for applying platinum to titanium or tantalum.
  • the platinum may be distributed by a burnishing operation.
  • the anode is then immersed in an electrolyte such as sea water and current is passed between the anode and the surface to be protected. This has the effect of oxidizing any surface areas of the tantalum or titanium base which are not covered with platinum.
  • the resultant platinum-spattered anode with spaced oxide regions on its surface maintains its form and is not subject to corrosion when used in cathodic protection systems.
  • the process as described above has the significant advantage of being much less expensive than the elaborate process required for the complete cladding of a titanium or tantalum base with platinum.
  • the present lnventlon basically involves the steps of spraying platinum on a base of tantalum or titanium, immersing the electrode in an electrolyte and drawing current from the electrode.
  • preliminary steps for preparing the titanium or tantalum surface for spraying, and a burnishing step following the spray coating may advantageously be employed.
  • the base of titanium or tantalum may be given a flash electroplating of platinum prior to the spray by molten droplets of platinum.
  • the surface may also be roughened mechanically to some extent so that the subsequent spray coating of platinum will more readily adhere to the titanium or tantalum base. Sandblasting can be used as the roughening technique.
  • the process of spraying molten platinum also serves to raise the temperature of the base. This heating facilitates the bonding of the platinum layer to the base.
  • the spraying operation may be accomplished through the use of a commercially available metalizing gun.
  • a metalizing gun employing an oxy-acetylene combustion flame may advantageously be employed. In passing, it
  • a suitable metalizing gun is shown as part of the apparatus in James S. Hill application Serial No. 765,101, filed October 3, 1958.
  • the covering of the titanium or tantalum base may be improved by a burnishing operation.
  • Burnishing involves a plastic smearing such as may occur on metallic surfaces during buffing operations.
  • burnishing of the platinu'm material may be accomplished by subjecting the sprayed surface to the rubbing rotary action of a burnishing tool held, for example, in the chuck of a lathe.
  • a hardened tool steel burnishing tool was successfully employed.
  • rolling or other similar mechanicaloperations may be employed to spread the platinum.
  • anode assembly may take place prior to or subsequent to the spraying and burnishing operations discussed above.
  • the spraying and burnishing operations would normally precede assembly with the plastic support for the anode.
  • these operations are normally perfonned prior to the spraying and burnishing steps.
  • Two representative patent applications disclosing anodes of these two types for cathodic protection systems are E. P. Anderson, application Serial No. 754,778, filed August 13, 1958, and A. I. Zwanzig, application Serial No. 682,336, filed September 6, 1957.
  • the anode assembly including the platinum coated titanium or tantalum base is then secured to the hull of a ship or otherwise mounted adjacent the painted structure which is to be protected. Current at the proper level is then applied between the anode and the surface requiring protection against corrosion.
  • the spraying proc ess will normally leave certain areas of the titanium or tantalum material which are not covered by a platinum coating.
  • Immersion of the anode in water, and the application of current between the anode and the surface to be protected produces a chemical reaction on the bare portions of the titanium or tantalum base. This reaction, possibly resulting from electrolytic decomposition, in itially produced at the surface of the titanium or tantalum material, produces an insulating oxide which covers these bare surfaces of the base material. Thereafter, current flows from the anode surface only through the platinum surface coating. In view of the protection of the base material by the oxide layer, however, the anode assembly as a whole retains its original form and is not subject to corrosion.
  • platinum is preferred for the surface coating, it is to be noted that a noble metal coating, including a significant proportion of platinum, may also be used. In this regard, an alloy of palladium and platinum may be employed for the preparation of the anode surfaces for cathodic protection systems.
  • a method for the preparation of anodes for cathodic protection systems comprising the steps of flash electroplating a base of a material selected from the group consisting of titanium and tantalum with platinum, roughening the plated surface of the base, spraying the base with additional platinum to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the sprayed surface to form an electrode, immersing the electrode in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage between the electrode connected as an anode and the electrolyte whereby an oxide layer is formed on those portions of the base not completely coated by platinum.
  • a method comprising the steps of flash plating with platinum a base made of a material selected from the group consisting of tantalum and titanium, spraying the base with additional molten platinum to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the resulting surface, immersing the platinum-coated base in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage to the coated base connected as an anode, whereby an oxide layer is formed on portions of the base not fully coated by platinum.
  • a method of preparing anodes for cathodic protection systems comprising the steps of spraying platinum on a base made of a material selected from the class consisting of tantalum and titanium to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the resulting surface, immersing the platinum-coated base in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage to the coated base connected as an anode whereby an oxide layer is formed on those portions of the base not completely coated by platinum.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)

Description

United States Patent 2,998,359 METHOD FOR PREPARING AN ODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS Edward P. Anderson, Livingston, N.J., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Engelhard Industries, The, Newark,
NJ., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Nov. '25, 1958,,Ser. No. 776,206
This invention relates to the preparation of anodes for cathodic protection purposes. 7
For the protection of the painted surfaces of a ship againsh corrosion, it has been proposed to employ electrodes insulated from the ships hull, and to apply a potential between the electrodes and the hull. The flow of current to the painted surface has the -e'ffectjof greatly reducing rusting and corrosion.
The construction of anodes for this type of system presents many problems. In this regard it has been proposed heretofore to use a titanium or tantalum base clad with platinum. The relatively thick layer of expensive platinum which is employed and the expensive cladding process make this method relatively costly.
Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to reduce the cost of making anodes for cathodic protection systems.
In accordance with the present invention this object is achieved by using a spray coating technique for applying platinum to titanium or tantalum. Following the spray coating, the platinum may be distributed by a burnishing operation. The anode is then immersed in an electrolyte such as sea water and current is passed between the anode and the surface to be protected. This has the effect of oxidizing any surface areas of the tantalum or titanium base which are not covered with platinum. The resultant platinum-spattered anode with spaced oxide regions on its surface maintains its form and is not subject to corrosion when used in cathodic protection systems.
The process as described above has the significant advantage of being much less expensive than the elaborate process required for the complete cladding of a titanium or tantalum base with platinum.
Other objects, advantages and various features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.
As mentioned briefly above, the present lnventlon basically involves the steps of spraying platinum on a base of tantalum or titanium, immersing the electrode in an electrolyte and drawing current from the electrode. In this process, preliminary steps for preparing the titanium or tantalum surface for spraying, and a burnishing step following the spray coating may advantageously be employed.
In the preparation of a surface for receiving a spray coating, subsidiary steps may be taken. Thus in the present case, the base of titanium or tantalum may be given a flash electroplating of platinum prior to the spray by molten droplets of platinum. The surface may also be roughened mechanically to some extent so that the subsequent spray coating of platinum will more readily adhere to the titanium or tantalum base. Sandblasting can be used as the roughening technique. The process of spraying molten platinum also serves to raise the temperature of the base. This heating facilitates the bonding of the platinum layer to the base.
The spraying operation may be accomplished through the use of a commercially available metalizing gun. In view of the relatively high melting point of platinum, a metalizing gun employing an oxy-acetylene combustion flame may advantageously be employed. In passing, it
may be noted that a suitable metalizing gun is shown as part of the apparatus in James S. Hill application Serial No. 765,101, filed October 3, 1958.
Following the spraying operation, the covering of the titanium or tantalum base may be improved by a burnishing operation. Burnishing involves a plastic smearing such as may occur on metallic surfaces during buffing operations. In the present case, burnishing of the platinu'm material may be accomplished by subjecting the sprayed surface to the rubbing rotary action of a burnishing tool held, for example, in the chuck of a lathe. In one instance, a hardened tool steel burnishing tool was successfully employed. In addition, rolling or other similar mechanicaloperations may be employed to spread the platinum. When the spraying operation provides a sufficiently flat and uniform coating of platinum over the "greater portion of the sprayed surface of the base, however, the burnishing operation need not be employed.
Depending on the type of anode which is being constructed, the formation of a complete anode assembly may take place prior to or subsequent to the spraying and burnishing operations discussed above. Thus, for example, when the metal portion of the anode is in the form of sheet metal stock, the spraying and burnishing operations would normally precede assembly with the plastic support for the anode. In cases in which the titanium or tantalum base must undergo substantial machining operations, however, these operations are normally perfonned prior to the spraying and burnishing steps. Two representative patent applications disclosing anodes of these two types for cathodic protection systems are E. P. Anderson, application Serial No. 754,778, filed August 13, 1958, and A. I. Zwanzig, application Serial No. 682,336, filed September 6, 1957.
The anode assembly including the platinum coated titanium or tantalum base is then secured to the hull of a ship or otherwise mounted adjacent the painted structure which is to be protected. Current at the proper level is then applied between the anode and the surface requiring protection against corrosion. The spraying proc ess will normally leave certain areas of the titanium or tantalum material which are not covered by a platinum coating. Immersion of the anode in water, and the application of current between the anode and the surface to be protected produces a chemical reaction on the bare portions of the titanium or tantalum base. This reaction, possibly resulting from electrolytic decomposition, in itially produced at the surface of the titanium or tantalum material, produces an insulating oxide which covers these bare surfaces of the base material. Thereafter, current flows from the anode surface only through the platinum surface coating. In view of the protection of the base material by the oxide layer, however, the anode assembly as a whole retains its original form and is not subject to corrosion.
Although platinum is preferred for the surface coating, it is to be noted that a noble metal coating, including a significant proportion of platinum, may also be used. In this regard, an alloy of palladium and platinum may be employed for the preparation of the anode surfaces for cathodic protection systems.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for the preparation of anodes for cathodic protection systems comprising the steps of flash electroplating a base of a material selected from the group consisting of titanium and tantalum with platinum, roughening the plated surface of the base, spraying the base with additional platinum to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the sprayed surface to form an electrode, immersing the electrode in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage between the electrode connected as an anode and the electrolyte whereby an oxide layer is formed on those portions of the base not completely coated by platinum.
2. A method comprising the steps of flash plating with platinum a base made of a material selected from the group consisting of tantalum and titanium, spraying the base with additional molten platinum to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the resulting surface, immersing the platinum-coated base in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage to the coated base connected as an anode, whereby an oxide layer is formed on portions of the base not fully coated by platinum.
3. A method of preparing anodes for cathodic protection systems comprising the steps of spraying platinum on a base made of a material selected from the class consisting of tantalum and titanium to form a discontinuous coating, burnishing the resulting surface, immersing the platinum-coated base in an electrolyte, and applying a voltage to the coated base connected as an anode whereby an oxide layer is formed on those portions of the base not completely coated by platinum.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,077,920 Stevens Nov. 4, 1913 1,477,099 Baum Dec. 11, 1923 2,282,022 Bishop et al. May 5, 1942 2,719,797 Rosenblatt et a1. Oct. 4, 1955 2,719,820 Allen Oct. 4, 1955 2,915,406 Rhoda Dec. 1, 1959 OTHER REFERENCES Cotton: Platinum-Faced Titanium for Electrochemical Anodes, Platinum Metals Review, vol. 2, No. 2,
20 April 1958, pp. 45-47.

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS COMPRISING THE STEPS OF FLASH ELECTROPLATING A BASE OF A MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF TITANIUM AND TANTALUM WITH PLATINUM, ROUGHENING THE PLATED SURFACE OF THE BASE, SPRAYING THE BASE WITH ADDITIONAL PLATINUM TO FORM A DISCONTINUOUS COATING, BURNISHING THE SPRAYED SURFACE TO FORM AN ELECTRODE, IMMERSING THE ELECTRODE IN AN ELECTROLYTE, AND APPLYING A VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODE CONNECTED AS AN ANODE AND THE ELECTROLYTE WHEREBY AN OXIDE LAYER IS FORMED ON THOSE PORTIONS OF THE BASE NOT COMPLETELY COATED BY PLATINUM.
US776206A 1958-11-25 1958-11-25 Method for preparing anodes for cathodic protection systems Expired - Lifetime US2998359A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3118828A (en) * 1957-07-17 1964-01-21 Ici Ltd Electrode structure with titanium alloy base
US3177131A (en) * 1959-04-27 1965-04-06 Ici Ltd Method for the production of platinum coated titanium anodes
US3282808A (en) * 1961-06-14 1966-11-01 Kandler Ludwig Nickel impregnated porous cathode and method of making same
US4175021A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-11-20 C. E. Equipment Co., Inc. Apparatus for preventing end effect in anodes
US4401540A (en) * 1980-10-29 1983-08-30 C.E. Equipment Co., Inc. Apparatus for reducing end effect in anodes

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1077920A (en) * 1913-01-27 1913-11-04 Us Smelting Refining & Mining Company Electrode.
US1477099A (en) * 1922-07-07 1923-12-11 Firm Of Chem Fab Weissenstein Anode for forming percompounds
US2282022A (en) * 1937-08-31 1942-05-05 Us Rubber Co Method for forming tire molds
US2719820A (en) * 1951-01-26 1955-10-04 United States Steel Corp Method for coating steel strip
US2719797A (en) * 1950-05-23 1955-10-04 Baker & Co Inc Platinizing tantalum
US2915406A (en) * 1958-03-03 1959-12-01 Int Nickel Co Palladium plating by chemical reduction

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1077920A (en) * 1913-01-27 1913-11-04 Us Smelting Refining & Mining Company Electrode.
US1477099A (en) * 1922-07-07 1923-12-11 Firm Of Chem Fab Weissenstein Anode for forming percompounds
US2282022A (en) * 1937-08-31 1942-05-05 Us Rubber Co Method for forming tire molds
US2719797A (en) * 1950-05-23 1955-10-04 Baker & Co Inc Platinizing tantalum
US2719820A (en) * 1951-01-26 1955-10-04 United States Steel Corp Method for coating steel strip
US2915406A (en) * 1958-03-03 1959-12-01 Int Nickel Co Palladium plating by chemical reduction

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3118828A (en) * 1957-07-17 1964-01-21 Ici Ltd Electrode structure with titanium alloy base
US3177131A (en) * 1959-04-27 1965-04-06 Ici Ltd Method for the production of platinum coated titanium anodes
US3282808A (en) * 1961-06-14 1966-11-01 Kandler Ludwig Nickel impregnated porous cathode and method of making same
US4175021A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-11-20 C. E. Equipment Co., Inc. Apparatus for preventing end effect in anodes
US4401540A (en) * 1980-10-29 1983-08-30 C.E. Equipment Co., Inc. Apparatus for reducing end effect in anodes

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