WO1995010878A1 - Electric energy generating method and electric energy generator for carrying out this method - Google Patents

Electric energy generating method and electric energy generator for carrying out this method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995010878A1
WO1995010878A1 PCT/CN1994/000076 CN9400076W WO9510878A1 WO 1995010878 A1 WO1995010878 A1 WO 1995010878A1 CN 9400076 W CN9400076 W CN 9400076W WO 9510878 A1 WO9510878 A1 WO 9510878A1
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Prior art keywords
capacitors
capacitor
variable capacitor
variable
motor
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PCT/CN1994/000076
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Fuming Zhou
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Fuming Zhou
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Application filed by Fuming Zhou filed Critical Fuming Zhou
Priority to AU78064/94A priority Critical patent/AU7806494A/en
Publication of WO1995010878A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995010878A1/en

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02NELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/06Influence generators
    • H02N1/08Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for generating electric energy and an electric energy generator for realizing the method; in particular, to a method for transforming electric charges between two energy states of potential energy and kinetic energy to generate electric energy and an electric energy generator for realizing the method,
  • Such an electric energy generator is hereinafter referred to as a transformer motor.
  • the atomic protons coexist in the ground-state material, and they perform spin motion without showing net electrical properties.
  • the electric charge moves and moves along a path in the form of kinetic energy, and passes the energy it carries through its own field to the matter passing through it. Due to the different properties of the material and the surrounding environmental conditions, various effects occur, such as Field effect, magnetic effect, mechanical effect, light effect, thermal effect Stress, chemical effects, etc.
  • the basic substance that generates electricity is electrons. It exists in all substances and is the basic component of all substances.
  • An electron is a kind of charged elementary particle with infinite life that can move at extreme speed.
  • the charge properties of electrons are represented by electricity, magnetism, and force, and the three extend to the electric field, magnetic field, and force field, forming a three-dimensional space in which electrons exist.
  • the electron is in eternal motion, and the three fields it carries also move with it.
  • the relationship between the electric field, magnetic field, and force field in the movement is a stereo-orthogonal relationship and has a certain directionality; especially when an electron moves in one direction, the direction of the electric field accompanying it always remains the same as the direction of the electron's movement, that is, the direction of the electron migration is the direction of the electric field!
  • the magnetic and force fields are orthogonal to each other in the vertical plane of the electron migration direction.
  • Electric, magnetic, and force fields are the basic basis for the interaction and interaction between electrons and protons, electrons and electrons, and even matter and matter.
  • the electrons in motion act on the outside world simultaneously with the three fields they carry. However, not all of the three field forces from the outside have an equivalent effective response.
  • the migration of electrons is the result of external forces.
  • the direct force that can promote electron migration is electric field forces.
  • the forces of magnetic and force fields are indirect forces. Magnetic and force fields must pass electric fields to promote electron migration. , Their status is different. Electric fields are used to transfer charges because magnetic and force fields do not have to be used. Therefore, in systems that generate electricity using electric fields, magnetic and force fields generally do not exhibit dominant characteristics, and allow us to take some measures to minimize them.
  • Piezoelectric ceramic is a material that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, but it must be An electric field is solidified in the electric ceramic material to have the above functions, and the direction of the electric field and the direction of the mechanical force are also perpendicular.
  • Traditional generators are devices that generate electricity using the principles of electromagnetic force and magnetic field induction. When the generator is running normally, the rotor uses the rotating magnetic field generated by it to cut the stator winding vertically, and an electric field is induced in the stator winding and a current is generated.
  • the rotor and the stator each generate a force field, and When acting in external space, the two forces cannot be offset because they are in opposite directions, and the magnitude of the two forces ⁇ is directly proportional to the amount of electrical energy it generates. Therefore, the generator must rely on the external force to maintain the operation.
  • the amount of power provided is determined by the force between the above two force fields and the resistance of the rotor for mechanical movement. This means that the generator must generate electricity completely. Relying on other energy conversion reasons, the generator only acts as a "transducing device" in it.
  • Energy is in the charge. Once the charge is generated, it forms electric energy. Electric energy can only exist in the form of potential energy or kinetic energy. From the perspective of potential energy, it is limited. From the perspective of kinetic energy, it can be infinite. It can transfer a finite mass at a limit speed. This is the nature of electricity.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating electric energy, and a power generator-transformer motor for implementing the method.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer that can be designed with various powers, small size, and low raw materials, and is suitable for large-scale production.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer motor suitable for centralized power supply with a constant DC current output.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer motor that can randomly stabilize voltage, stabilize current, and stabilize power, integrates power generation and power conversion, and is particularly suitable for being placed in a single device.
  • the ultimate object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating electric energy with less energy consumption, no pollution, no damage to the ecological environment, and convenient and safe use, and a transformer motor implementing the method.
  • the electric energy generating method of the present invention includes the following steps: using a power source to charge at least a pair of capacitors connected to both ends of a load, respectively, so that a field voltage is formed on the capacitors, and the pair of capacitors At least one is a variable capacitor;
  • the built-in field voltage is detected by a built-in field voltage adjustment circuit, and when the built-in field voltage is lower than a predetermined value, the power source is controlled to resume charging the capacitor.
  • the electric power generator of the present invention includes at least one pair of capacitors, a DC power source, and a first isolation diode. The other end is respectively connected to two ends of the load.
  • the DC power source is connected in series with the first isolation diode and is connected across both ends of the pair of capacitors.
  • At least one of the pair of capacitors may be A variable capacitor, the variable capacitor including at least one group of fixed conductors and at least one group of movable conductors, a dielectric material disposed between the fixed conductors and the movable conductors, and a rotation connecting the movable conductors axis.
  • the pair of capacitors is a pair of a first variable capacitor and a second variable capacitor having the same capacity, and a movable conductor of the first and second variable capacitors is formed by the rotating shaft.
  • the common ground terminal is installed and formed coaxially, and the sum of the dynamic capacities of the first and second variable capacitors is set equal to the full capacity of a single variable capacitor therein.
  • the method for generating electric energy provided by the present invention has the advantages of reducing energy consumption and pollution, being beneficial to protecting the ecological environment, and convenient and safe operation, thereby providing a new way for people to generate and utilize electric energy.
  • the electric energy generator provided by the present invention stability, voltage stabilization, and stable power can be realized according to requirements. It can integrate electric energy generation and electric energy conversion into one, and is not only suitable for being used as an electric energy generating device for centralized power supply, but especially suitable for independent equipment It can be used as a power supply; moreover, the electric power generator provided according to the present invention has a small size, saves raw materials, and is suitable for large quantities. Mass production and can be designed with various power and other advantages.
  • 1 to 4 are schematic diagrams for explaining the principle of generating electric energy according to the present invention.
  • 5 to 7 are schematic diagrams showing the structure of a transformer / rotary capacitor for use in the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a transformer according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 (A) is a symbol diagram of a rotary capacitor used in a transformer motor of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 (B) is a symbol diagram of a transformer motor of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a working principle diagram showing a transformer motor of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a working system of a transformer motor according to the present invention.
  • 12 (A) to 12 (D) are schematic diagrams showing the structure of another transformer according to the present invention.
  • the best embodiment of the present invention is the best embodiment of the present invention.
  • a battery E is used to charge a variable capacitor C B placed at a full capacity position through a switch K, so that the voltage on C B rises to V c ; it is assumed that C B is an ideal and has a capacity A sufficiently large variable capacitor, the charge storage on C B at this time is:
  • variable capacitor C B the capacity of the variable capacitor C B is continuously changed to a halving rate so that it approaches zero, and the voltage on C B rises exponentially and tends to infinity.
  • the speed of successively changing the capacity of C B is also continuous and uniform, and is completed within a prescribed time T, then the proportion of the elapsed time in sequence to the prescribed time T for:
  • T / 2-3T / 4-7T / 8 2 N -1T / 2 T Figure 2 shows that the capacity of the variable capacitor continuously decreases at a rate of 2 times during the T time, and the voltage rises on it:
  • the capacity of the variable capacitor and the level of the built-in voltage determine the amount of charge it outputs at one time; the speed of the variable capacitor's capacity determines the output time; the capacity of the variable capacitor is There is a charge output throughout the decreasing process, and it is not affected by external circuits.
  • a similar phenomenon is common in nature. Clouds formed by water vapor threatening the rise of dust generate ionization under sunlight. When encountering cold air, the contraction voltage of the cloud rises until the lightning strikes the air. To have a charge output on the variable capacitor, it is necessary to accumulate the charge in advance; in order to realize the repeated and alternating conversion of charge between potential energy and kinetic energy, and at the same time to ensure that the charge on the variable capacitor does not disappear, it is required that another capacitor also has energy storage and The energy-releasing device participates in the conversion. This device can be used with fixed capacitors, variable capacitors and batteries. The battery is a "capacitive power source", which can be equivalent to a fixed capacitor with a large capacity and a full charge.
  • Figure 4 (A) Compared with 3, a fixed capacitor C D and a diode D are added.
  • the function of the diode D is to allow only the charge to pass through, and the return of the charge in the file.
  • the principle of the circuit is the same as that in Figure 3.
  • the circuits are basically the same, except that:
  • the battery only needs to be charged to C B once to form a field voltage. Later, because C B 'and C B will inevitably have a loss objectively, the battery still needs to pass RE, D to C B ' and C B supplements the lost charge to maintain the built-in field voltage constant.
  • the above describes a method of generating electrical energy.
  • This method can be summarized as: applying the voltage boosting principle of a variable capacitor to combine to form two corresponding alternating electric fields, so that a certain amount of charge repeatedly migrates in the alternating electric field, and at the same time The potential energy and the kinetic energy are repeatedly converted, and the electric field force obtained when the electric charge increases its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy on the way, and the electric energy is output through the load.
  • variable capacitor is the core device used in this method of generating electricity.
  • a variable capacitor that meets practical requirements should have characteristics such as large capacity, high rate of change, and convenient conversion control. Such a variable capacitor does not exist in reality and must be redesigned. .
  • is the relative dielectric constant
  • A is the area of the opposite parts of the two parallel plates of the capacitor, the unit is square meter (M 2 ), and d is the distance between the two parallel plates, the unit is meter (M)).
  • variable capacitor To obtain a high-capacity variable capacitor: Several measures can be taken such as increasing the dielectric constant, expanding the area of parallel plates, and reducing the distance between parallel plates. Generally, increasing the area of parallel plates also increases the volume of the capacitor; The spacing between parallel plates is limited by factors such as rotation conditions and breakdown voltage. After meeting the rotation conditions and withstand voltage requirements, the minimum plate spacing is Almost confirmed. Although there are many dielectric materials, not all are suitable for variable capacitors. In short, the capacity of a capacitor is an amount that is subject to multiple factors and must be determined by optimal combination selection.
  • Dielectric materials can be roughly divided into three categories: gas, caustic, and liquid.
  • the dielectric constant of air is too small to be generally used.
  • the dielectric constant range of solid dielectric materials is very wide.
  • the dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramics has been made. Up to the order of 10,000, but the single use of solid materials means that the variable capacitor cannot be rotated (this conclusion is only meaningful for variable capacitors with plate structure type, and not all variable capacitors with other structure types Correct.
  • This article uses the typical structure of a parallel plate variable capacitor as the basis for discussion.
  • the dielectric constant range of liquid materials is between the two, and new synthetic liquid dielectric materials continue to appear. Therefore, a single Liquid materials or the combination of solids and liquids (including electrolytes) and solids and gases (including noble gases) are effective ways to increase the dielectric constant and thereby increase the capacitance per unit volume.
  • At least one electrode of the capacitor should be wrapped with a solid dielectric material to isolate the electrode from the body or gas.
  • a solid dielectric material to isolate the electrode from the body or gas.
  • variable capacitor with a capacity greater than 100 ⁇ L in a volume of 0.001 m 3 .
  • Rotation is the most efficient and labor-saving method for quickly moving the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. From a design point of view, it is hoped that the lower the rotation speed, the better. A low rotation speed is conducive to saving the rotational power, facilitating adjustment and control, and reducing the probability of interference.
  • FIG. 5 the structure of a one-piece variable capacitor is shown.
  • the part connecting the rotating shaft 50 is a moving piece 51 (FIG. 5 (A)), and the other part is a fixed piece (FIG. 5 (B)). Every 360 ° rotation in the same direction, the capacity of the capacitor goes from zero to full capacity and then returns to zero, only once. If the moving piece and the fixed piece are respectively divided into two equal parts that are self-connected, as shown in Figs.
  • variable capacitors in a transformer are hereinafter referred to as "rotating capacitors"; the average partial capacity of a rotary capacitor is referred to as “capacity (N)”, and (N) is expressed by a positive integer.
  • Figures 7 (A) and 7 (B) are schematic diagrams of a rotating capacitor with a capacity of 4 points.
  • the conversion rate of a capacitor is the product of its rotation speed and capacity fraction.
  • the data obtained is the output frequency of the variable motor.
  • the rotation speed of the rotating capacitor be M, the unit is revolutions per second, and the letter is expressed as r / s. ;
  • ( ⁇ ) has the same meaning as the frequency of alternating current.
  • the output frequency of the variable motor can be as high as 1 dl or more. This is an important condition for designing a small-sized, high-power transformer.
  • the design value range of the output frequency of the transformer is very wide, which means that the same transformer can be used to meet the power requirements of different loads within a certain range, and it has created conditions for reducing the power design division sequence of transformer products.
  • Adjusting the speed of the transformer motor M can stabilize the output, which is an indispensable condition for designing a transformer motor power supply with stable current, constant voltage and stable power.
  • a combination of a number of moving blades and a fixed piece is used.
  • the moving blade combination of a rotating capacitor a "moving group"; The pieces of each combination must maintain the same capacity and symmetrical position.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a transformer motor according to the present invention.
  • the figure shows two upper and lower rotating capacitors. Its two moving groups 5 ⁇ are connected to the same rotating shaft 50 and lead out as a connection terminal. Two rotating capacitors.
  • the fixed groups 52 'of C and C B are separated from each other, and each leads to an output terminal 521, as shown by C B ' and C B in FIG. 4 (B).
  • Fig. 9 (A) and Fig. 9 (B) are symbol diagrams showing a rotary capacitor and a transformer, respectively, where reference numeral 50 indicates a rotation axis, reference numeral 51 'indicates a moving group, and reference numeral 52' indicates a fixed group.
  • a practical transformer system contains more than two rotating capacitors, which may be three, four or even more. Except for special cases, their moving groups are generally connected on the same rotation axis, and fixed groups are led out by their respective terminal blocks. Different characters are used to distinguish them when drawing.
  • the fixed piece of the two rotary capacitors can be designed on a single piece of substrate, cross-spaced, connected separately, and then lead out the terminal. Since the rotation group of two rotating capacitors is directly connected, its function can be equivalent to one rotation group, so one of them can be omitted.
  • the two rotating capacitors are now combined in one volume. However, as a result of this, the inter-electrode coupling capacitance of the two rotating capacitors will be increased. If it is beneficial, measures should be taken to reduce it until it reaches the allowable value.
  • variable motor The main function of the variable motor is to realize the transfer of electric charges between the rotating capacitors to generate electric energy.
  • the rotating capacitors cannot generate electric charges themselves.
  • the electric charges must be placed in advance to form a certain strength. Under this condition, the motor cannot work.
  • the built-in voltage depends on the amount of charge stored in the rotating capacitor. At the same time, the higher the built-in voltage, the greater the electric field force of the rotating capacitor and the greater the output power of the transformer.
  • the built-in voltage is an adjustable factor. For example, combining it with the speed adjustment can form a nearly perfect variable motor output adjustment system.
  • the formation of the construction voltage can be in the form of the aforementioned Figures 3 and 4 and both are performed by the battery.
  • the voltage of a battery is limited.
  • the circuit of Figure 10 can meet the high voltage requirements with the least battery Field voltage can be adjusted randomly. (It does not rule out that the common method of using a power converter to boost the storage battery to provide the field voltage can also be provided directly after rectification using the existing power frequency power supply, or after the conversion by step-down and boost.)
  • C s in FIG. 10 is a rotating capacitor, which raises the voltage of the battery E to a certain height to meet the field voltage, and then detects the sampling signal at point A. After the field voltage adjustment circuit 101 is reshaped, it is controlled. The action of an electronic switch K E achieves the purpose of adjusting the field voltage.
  • D ⁇ Dz in the figure is an isolation diode. It is not difficult to see that the entire circuit constitutes an adjustable voltage regulator source; note that the moving group of C s and the moving group of other rotating capacitors are connected on the same rotation axis.
  • a transformer motor is a kind of electrical energy generating device. Its operation refers to its working state during normal power generation. In addition to the initial conditions mentioned above, we are more concerned about the formation of its operating power, especially the operation required. What is the relationship between power and the power it can produce, and what is the relationship between the energy conversion of a transformer motor? How did it happen? This involves not only issues of theoretical basis, but also people's traditional perceptions.
  • Energy materials that have been used so far can be broadly divided into three categories: molecular energy, atomic energy, and electrical (sub) energy.
  • Molecular energy refers to those energy substances that are formed by the aggregation of molecules of multiple elemental substances. At the same time that energy is generated, it is decomposed into the material molecules that originally composed them. Molecular energy is the binding energy of material molecules, which belongs to disposable energy. The connotation of the law of conservation of mass and energy in classical physical theory has basically contained the energy conversion relationship of such substances, and has formed people's traditional ideas for a long time.
  • Atomic energy is the huge energy produced by the fission of atomic nuclei, and it is the binding energy of atomic nuclei.
  • Atom is the smallest material unit of element. The material atom that has undergone nuclear fission is transformed into other equivalent material atoms. Using the law of conservation of mass and energy can no longer fully explain the relationship between the transformation of material atom and energy change.
  • the theory of mass-energy equivalence and mass loss in relativity mechanics founded by Einstein can explain it. In particular, it is worth pointing out that in the process of discovery and acquisition of atomic energy, it was inspired by the theory of relativity, on the contrary, it also provided an example for the theory of relativity. Although there is huge energy in the nucleus, it still has the property of one-time energy, which is not enough to break people's traditional ideas.
  • Wind and water energy are also energy forms that reflect energy by mass plus speed.
  • the power to accelerate air and water is formed by the effects of natural forces such as the radiation of sunlight and the movement of the earth and the moon; the energy reflects the energy of electricity
  • the form is also mass plus speed, the power to accelerate the electrons cannot be formed stably by natural forces.
  • the factors that can generate accelerations for the electrons already exist in the electrons (and protons) themselves, that is, the electronic characteristics of the load and the positiveness of the protons.
  • the charging characteristics and the gravitational force generated between the two can be converted into usable electrical energy by using the above factors. Only people can do it! Every form of electron existence is related to the action of protons on it.
  • the gravitational force between protons and electrons is generally expressed as resistance that restricts the movement of electrons, but it can also become a driving force for electron migration after transformation.
  • the rotation capacitor (negative pole) of the rotary capacitor After the rotation capacitor (negative pole) of the rotary capacitor is established, it is in a state of being positively charged after losing electrons. It is due to its rotation (removal) that it causes the (elastic) depolarization of the medium, which causes the rotation
  • the relative area of the fixed group (positive electrode) of the capacitor is reduced, the charge density on the capacitor is increased, and the voltage is increased, which further forms the power for accelerating the electrons.
  • Matter can be shown as a static state of motion, as well as dynamics in motion, and there is huge energy in matter that can move at the speed of light.
  • Electric energy belongs to this kind of energy. Charge energy exists in the form of potential energy, which appears as a stationary potential state. Charge can also exist in the form of kinetic energy, which is expressed as the dynamics of migration. As long as the gravitational force between positive and negative charges is changed to the power of migrating charges (electrons), As a result, the charge is continuously transformed between the above two energy states, and we can obtain inexhaustible electrical energy from it. Electricity is energy! A special energy source may be classified as "recyclable energy”. It does not need to rely on other energy sources for conversion. The key to all the problems lies in the method of making it.
  • the faults of the existing methods of generating electricity are mainly:
  • the field voltage is provided by a DC power supply.
  • the positive and negative output terminals of the power supply are respectively connected to two sets of pole pieces of a rotary capacitor, and the medium sandwiched between the pole pieces is polarized to form an electric field.
  • the pole piece connected to the positive output end of the power source gets electrons and becomes the positive pole of the rotary capacitor; the pole piece connected to the negative output turbulence of the power source loses electrons and becomes the negative pole of the rotary capacitor.
  • the charge ⁇ is stored in the rotating capacitor in the form of potential energy.
  • a rotating capacitor is used to participate in the combination, (
  • the use of fixed capacitors or batteries to participate in the combination is a special case of the structure of the variable motor).
  • One of its poles is connected to the negative pole of the aforementioned rotating capacitor, and the other pole is connected to the aforementioned rotating electricity.
  • the positive terminal of the container leads to the output terminal and the load, respectively. Connect between these two output terminals.
  • the overlapping position between the fixed piece assembly and the rotating piece assembly of the two rotating capacitors is required to maintain the alternately overlapping states, respectively.
  • the two connected negative combinations are usually two rotating capacitors. They are fixed on the same shaft, and then a power source is used to rotate the shaft. When the transformer motor is running, the capacitances of the two rotating capacitors that make up it change repeatedly and alternately, and the charges move back and forth between the two rotating capacitors, and output electric energy through the load.
  • the rotation resistance of the variable motor comes from the rotating friction force of gravity reflected on the rotating shaft and the contact friction force of the pole pieces moving in parallel in gas or liquid. In short, they are all mechanical friction forces, allowing us to take various measures to reduce them. .
  • the direction of rotation of a variable motor is generally not limited. Almost all power can be used to drive it directly or indirectly, such as wind, water, tidal, human, animal, as well as pneumatic, thermal, and electric power.
  • variable motor can be simply dragged by a group of independent power sources to drive the DC motor; when conditions permit and it is necessary, another set of rotating capacitors can be adopted to form the driving power of the DC motor. .
  • the system shown in the figure is composed of 5 rotating capacitors CZ1-CZ5, and their rotation groups are connected to the same rotating shaft 50;
  • CZ1-CZ2 is a set of corresponding rotating capacitors, which are used as the output of the variable motor system.
  • R is the load;
  • CZ 3 is the built-in field voltage rotating capacitor, which is used to increase the voltage of battery E, which satisfies the built-in field voltage requirements of CZ1-CZ2;
  • CZ4-CZ5 are another set of corresponding rotating capacitors, and the task is to provide DC speed-regulated motor
  • the power of M, D 4 — D 7 , D W , C W in the figure form the rectification, voltage stabilization and filtering circuits of CZ4-CZ5.
  • the field voltage of CZ4-CZ5 is directly provided by the battery E through the current limiting resistor R E ;
  • the starting power of the DC speed-regulating motor is supplied by the battery E w and is controlled by the switch K w that is turned on and off;
  • Di- Ds are isolated diodes (where the negative pole of D 3 can be disconnected from point B and changed to point B ') .
  • the signals detected by the voltage test point A are simultaneously fed back to the built-in voltage adjustment circuit 101 and the motor speed control circuit 102, and respectively control the electronic switch K E and the variable resistor R w to adjust the built-in voltage and operating frequency of the variable motor.
  • the purpose is to finally control the output current, output voltage and output power of the transformer.
  • What determines the output power of a variable motor are three factors: the capacity of the rotating capacitor, the built-in voltage, and the conversion frequency of the rotating capacitor; the capacity of the rotating capacitor is usually given, and the other two factors are randomly variable.
  • the output power of the variable motor can be changed or stabilized by adjusting the field voltage and the conversion frequency.
  • Table 2 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
  • the data in the table shows that the transformer can have great output capacity, extremely wide adjustment range, and strong load adaptability.
  • the output of the transformer motor is alternating current, which is led by two corresponding power lines, which are alternately output, each accounting for 50% of the cycle output time. There is generally no danger of electric shock when the human body touches one of the power lines.
  • the output voltage of the transformer is the potential difference between the two power lines and is a dynamic voltage.
  • the output current of the transformer is relatively constant and it is a "constant current source”.
  • the basic waveform output by the variable motor is an alternating rising triangle wave, but it changes with the nature and value of the load. Only when the nature and value of the load are determined can the waveform be finally determined.
  • variable motor determines that it is generally not suitable for use with AC power, and it may be more adaptive as a DC power output after rectification filtering. Especially in the case of centralized power supply, it should be converted into DC power before being transmitted.
  • the output of the transformer motor is not afraid of short circuits.
  • the voltage of the short circuit output is equal to zero, and the current is not equal to zero.
  • To obtain the maximum output power it must be based on the output data of a specific transformer.
  • the output of the transformer motor cannot be open circuit. Open circuit may cause dielectric breakdown and result in damage.
  • transformers are more suitable for inductive and capacitive loads. Inductive and capacitive loads can better reflect the excellent characteristics of transformers.
  • the transformer motor can be used as a DC power supply for centralized power supply, and when it is used as an independent power source for a single device, it can better exert its unique performance.
  • variable motor is equivalent to an "electronic accelerator", and its output is “mandatory”. We can use this feature to break some "forbidden bands” and achieve unexpected results; for example, use it to drive independently With one motor, it is possible to make the motor's speed, start; torque, etc.-random change according to our intentions.
  • transformer motor When a transformer motor is used as a universal DC power supply, its "grid connection" is very convenient; when it is used as a dedicated DC power supply for equipment and multiple devices are connected to the network, it has a good “common ground”. It is very important in microelectronic technology.
  • the capacity distribution of the rotating capacitors that make up the transformer motor can be designed as a function distribution relationship to meet special needs or achieve special effects.
  • variable motors will inevitably change the previous mode of electrical energy use. It is necessary to determine a set of variable motor standards, and the emergence of many new electrical products that are matched with it is also inevitable.
  • Variable motors can be designed into various shapes, such as cylindrical, spherical, hoop, dish, etc., and they can also adopt a variety of structural forms.
  • Figures 12 (A) and 12 (B) show the structural diagram of a solid medium contact rotary transformer.
  • the transformer includes a pair of rotating capacitors CBO and CBO '.
  • the rotating capacitors CBO and CBO' It includes a ring-shaped fixed group 122 composed of a belt-shaped conductor 1221 (either rigid or flexible substrate materials can be used respectively), a roller rotation group 121 composed of a plurality of conductive rollers 125, and an axis centered on the roller rotation group 121 ⁇ ⁇ Axis 120.
  • the above-mentioned strip conductors 1221 are provided with a plurality of insulator regions 1222 and conductive regions 1223 of equal width alternately arranged along the length direction thereof, and the number thereof is proportional to the number of the conductive rollers 125, and the strip conductor 1221 is also provided.
  • Roller turn group 121 also included It includes a roller shaft 12 7 provided in a circumferential direction for movably mounting the conductive roller 125.
  • the outer surface of the conductive roller 125 is compounded with a layer of solid dielectric material 126.
  • the conductive roller 125 rolls over the insulating region 1222 and the conductive region 1223 on the strip conductor 1221 in order, so that the capacitances of the rotating capacitors C BO and CBO 'can be cyclically changed.
  • the design can also change the linearity of the output of the rotating capacitor by adjusting the arc distance between the rollers 125.
  • the above-mentioned dielectric material 126 may also be compounded on the strip conductor 1221, and the basic working principle of the transformer is the same as the principle of the transformer. Industrial applicability
  • Variable motors are designed using the principles of electric field force and alternating electric field. It is an example of using potential energy to do work; inductors and capacitors are two energy storage elements in electricity. We have used one of them (inductor ) Has made an electric energy generator, that is, a generator; a transformer motor is an attempt to use the other one (capacitor) as an electric energy generator. This is a new topic. To fully understand and use it, it still requires long-term exploration And hard work.

Abstract

An electric energy generating method and the electric energy generator for carrying out this method. Said electric generator comprises at least a pair of capacitors. Said pair of capacitors have a co-grounded terminal, and at least one of said pair of capacitors is a variable capacitor. Said variable capacitor includes at least a group of fixed electric conductors and at least a group of movable electric conductors, dielectric material disposed between said fixed electric conductors and movable electric conductors, and rotary shaft for connecting said movable conductors. A pair of variable capacitor may also be used for said pair of capacitors, the sum of dynamic state capacity of the variable capacitors is equal to the full capacity of single variable capacitor. This electric energy generator has advantage of small size, low consumed power and is pollutionless, etc.

Description

电能发生方法和用以实现该方法的电能发生器 技术领域  Electric energy generation method and electric energy generator for implementing the method
本发明涉及电能发生方法及其实现这一方法的电能发生器;尤其 涉及一种使电荷在势能和动能两种能态之间相互转化,从而产生电能 的方法以及实现该方法的电能发生器,以下将这种电能发生器称为变 电机。 背景技术  The invention relates to a method for generating electric energy and an electric energy generator for realizing the method; in particular, to a method for transforming electric charges between two energy states of potential energy and kinetic energy to generate electric energy and an electric energy generator for realizing the method, Such an electric energy generator is hereinafter referred to as a transformer motor. Background technique
自电能被利用以来,我们赖以产生电能的方法,大体上可以归纳为 一个相同的模式,即采用各种一次性能源,通过一种换能装置来完成使 电荷从载体中分离、聚集、迁移、复合的连续循环过程,在电荷迁移 途 中提取电能。这种用一次性能源通过换能装置产生电能的方法,需耗费 大量的一次性能源材料,其结果极大地破坏了地球的地理环境和生态 环境,此外,能源危机巳威胁到人类社会的生存与发展,解决能源问题 业已成为全人类共同的刻不容缓的首要课题。 然而电能与其它一切能 源形态相比有着无可比拟的优越性,自然界已很难再找到综合性能优 于电能的能源物质形态了。 现实迫使我们必须重新思考一是否能从前 人创立的慎密理论中,发现细微的差别,争取到一线希望。  Since the use of electrical energy, the methods we rely on to generate electrical energy can generally be summarized into a same model, that is, using a variety of disposable energy sources to complete the separation, accumulation, and migration of charges from the carrier through a type of energy conversion device The composite continuous cycle process extracts electrical energy during the charge migration. This method of using one-time energy to generate electricity through a energy conversion device requires a large amount of one-time energy materials. As a result, the earth's geographical environment and ecological environment are greatly damaged. In addition, the energy crisis threatens the survival of human society and Development and the solution of energy issues have become the most urgent priority for all humankind. However, electrical energy has incomparable advantages compared with all other energy forms, and it is difficult to find any energy material form with comprehensive performance superior to electrical energy. Reality compels us to rethink whether we can find subtle differences from the careful theories established by our predecessors and win a glimmer of hope.
电子的存在形式大体上可以归纳为以下三种:  The existence of electrons can be summarized into the following three types:
一、受原子内质子的吸引共存于基态物质中,作自旋运动,对外不 显净电性。  First, the atomic protons coexist in the ground-state material, and they perform spin motion without showing net electrical properties.
二、从原物质的原 '子中分离、产生位移,聚集在一特定的载体物质 中.形成电荷,将能量存储在该物质中,以势能形态对外显示负电性。!:失 去电子的物质对外显示的对应电特性也是重要的,在需要强调其作用 的场合再予指出)  Second, it separates from the original element of the original substance, generates displacement, and gathers it in a specific carrier substance. It forms an electric charge, stores energy in the substance, and displays negative electricality in the form of potential energy. !! : Corresponding electrical characteristics displayed by a substance that has lost electrons to the outside are also important, and will be pointed out when it is necessary to emphasize its role)
三、电荷以动能的形态沿一路径作迁移运动,并将其携带的能量通 过它自身的场传'递给沿途经过的物质,因物质的不同性质以及周围的 环境条件而产生种种效应,如场效应、磁效应、机械效应、光效应、热效 应、化学效应等。 3. The electric charge moves and moves along a path in the form of kinetic energy, and passes the energy it carries through its own field to the matter passing through it. Due to the different properties of the material and the surrounding environmental conditions, various effects occur, such as Field effect, magnetic effect, mechanical effect, light effect, thermal effect Stress, chemical effects, etc.
产生电能的基本物质是电子,它存在于一切物质之中,是一切物质 的基本组成部分。 电子是一种寿命无穷的可以以极限速度运动的荷电 基本粒子。  The basic substance that generates electricity is electrons. It exists in all substances and is the basic component of all substances. An electron is a kind of charged elementary particle with infinite life that can move at extreme speed.
电子的荷电性质表现为电、磁和力,三者对外延伸为电场、磁场和 力场,形成了电子存在的三维空间。  The charge properties of electrons are represented by electricity, magnetism, and force, and the three extend to the electric field, magnetic field, and force field, forming a three-dimensional space in which electrons exist.
电子处于永恒的运动之中,它携带的三个场也随它一起运动,运动 中的电场、磁场和力场三者的关系,为立体正交关系,并且有确定的方 向性;尤其是当电子沿一方向迁移时,伴随它的电场的方向始终与电子 运动的方向保持同一性,即电子迁移的方向就是电场的方向!而磁场和 力场则在电子迁移方向的垂直面上呈正交关系。  The electron is in eternal motion, and the three fields it carries also move with it. The relationship between the electric field, magnetic field, and force field in the movement is a stereo-orthogonal relationship and has a certain directionality; especially when When an electron moves in one direction, the direction of the electric field accompanying it always remains the same as the direction of the electron's movement, that is, the direction of the electron migration is the direction of the electric field! The magnetic and force fields are orthogonal to each other in the vertical plane of the electron migration direction.
电场、磁场和力场是电子与质子之间、电子与电子之间,乃至物质 与物质之间相互联系与作用的基本依据。 运动中的电子以其携带的三 个场,同时作用于外界。但是,电子对于外界传来的这三个场作用力,并 非都产生对等有效的响应。电子的迁移是因为外界施加作用力的结果, 能够推动电子迁移的直接动力是电场力,磁场和力场的作用力都属于 间接作用力,磁场和力场必须通过电场才能推动电子迁移,对此,它们 的地位是有差别的。用电场迁移电荷因为不必借助磁场和力场,因此在 用电场发生电能的系统中,磁场和力场一般不呈现显性特征,并且,允 许我们采取某种措施将它们最大限度地抑制掉;而用磁场或者力场迁 移电荷则必须借助电场,在用磁场或力场发生电能的系统中,电场、磁 场和力场往往不可避免地处于伴生的状态,同时三者的强度呈正比关 系,客观上不允许取消其中的一个,因此也很难将其中的一个抑制掉。  Electric, magnetic, and force fields are the basic basis for the interaction and interaction between electrons and protons, electrons and electrons, and even matter and matter. The electrons in motion act on the outside world simultaneously with the three fields they carry. However, not all of the three field forces from the outside have an equivalent effective response. The migration of electrons is the result of external forces. The direct force that can promote electron migration is electric field forces. The forces of magnetic and force fields are indirect forces. Magnetic and force fields must pass electric fields to promote electron migration. , Their status is different. Electric fields are used to transfer charges because magnetic and force fields do not have to be used. Therefore, in systems that generate electricity using electric fields, magnetic and force fields generally do not exhibit dominant characteristics, and allow us to take some measures to minimize them. ; While using magnetic or force field to transfer charge, it is necessary to use electric field. In the system that generates electric energy with magnetic or force field, the electric field, magnetic field and force field are inevitably in an associated state. At the same time, the strength of the three is proportional to each other. Objectively, it is not allowed to cancel one of them, so it is difficult to suppress one of them.
+以上论及的电场、磁场和力场在推动电荷迁移中的地位和关系;在 物理现象和化学现象中可以得到普遍的验证,涉及本主题内容的例证 如- 用电解方法产生电能的蓄电池,是一个电场发电装置,蓄电池内并 不显现磁场和力。另外蓄电池能够直接提供直流电,而采取电场以外的 方法是难以实现的。  + The position and relationship of electric, magnetic and force fields mentioned above in promoting charge migration; it can be universally verified in physical and chemical phenomena, examples related to the subject matter such as-accumulators that generate electricity by electrolytic methods, It is an electric field power generation device, and no magnetic field or force appears in the battery. In addition, the battery can directly provide DC power, which is difficult to achieve by using methods other than electric fields.
压电陶瓷是一种将机械能转化成电能的材料,但它必须预先在铁 电陶瓷材料里固化一个电场,才能具备以上功能,并且电场方向和机械 作用力的方向也呈垂直关系。 ' 传统的发电机,是应用电磁力和磁场感应的原理产生电能的装置。 发电机正常运转时,转子用其产生的旋转磁场去垂直切割定子绕组,在 定子绕组中感生出一个电场的同时产生了电流,在这一过程中转子和 定子又各自伴生了一个力场,并在外部空间发生作用,因两力的方向相 反,不能抵消,而且两作用力的大†与它产生电能的大小呈正比关系。 所以发电机必须借助外部提供的 ^力来维持运转,提供动力的大小是 由以上两力场之间的作用力和转子作机械运动的阻力的大小来决定 的,这就是发电机产生电能必须完全依靠其它能源转换的原因,发电机 在其中仅仅充当了一个"换能装置"的作用。 Piezoelectric ceramic is a material that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, but it must be An electric field is solidified in the electric ceramic material to have the above functions, and the direction of the electric field and the direction of the mechanical force are also perpendicular. '' Traditional generators are devices that generate electricity using the principles of electromagnetic force and magnetic field induction. When the generator is running normally, the rotor uses the rotating magnetic field generated by it to cut the stator winding vertically, and an electric field is induced in the stator winding and a current is generated. In the process, the rotor and the stator each generate a force field, and When acting in external space, the two forces cannot be offset because they are in opposite directions, and the magnitude of the two forces † is directly proportional to the amount of electrical energy it generates. Therefore, the generator must rely on the external force to maintain the operation. The amount of power provided is determined by the force between the above two force fields and the resistance of the rotor for mechanical movement. This means that the generator must generate electricity completely. Relying on other energy conversion reasons, the generator only acts as a "transducing device" in it.
能量在电荷之中。电荷一经生成就形成电能,电能只能以势能或者 动能两种形式存在,从势能的角度看,它是有限的;从动能的角度看,它 可以是无限的,将有限的质量以极限速度迁移,这就是电能的本质。  Energy is in the charge. Once the charge is generated, it forms electric energy. Electric energy can only exist in the form of potential energy or kinetic energy. From the perspective of potential energy, it is limited. From the perspective of kinetic energy, it can be infinite. It can transfer a finite mass at a limit speed. This is the nature of electricity.
从基态物质中分离、迁移、再行复合,是电荷运动的一种程式;在势 能和动能之间交替转化,是电荷运动的另一程式。分别实现电荷运动的 这两种程式的方法是不同的。  Separation, migration, and recombination from ground state matter are a program of charge movement; alternate conversion between potential and kinetic energy is another program of charge movement. The methods of implementing these two programs of charge motion separately are different.
要使电能在势能和动能之间交替转化而不消失,至少需要两个具 有蓄能功能的器件参与,并且要求其中的至少一个,是处于动态之中的 蓄能器件。 目前能够满足以上要求的器件是可变电容器。 发明内容  For electric energy to alternately convert between potential and kinetic energy without disappearing, at least two devices with energy storage functions are required to participate, and at least one of them is a dynamic energy storage device. Devices that currently meet the above requirements are variable capacitors. Summary of the Invention
本发明的目的是提供一种电能发生方法,及实现这一方法的电能 发生器一变电机。  An object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating electric energy, and a power generator-transformer motor for implementing the method.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种可以设计成各种功率、体积小 ^原 材料省、适于大规模生产的变电机。  Another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer that can be designed with various powers, small size, and low raw materials, and is suitable for large-scale production.
本发明的又一目的在于提供一种适合以恒定直流电流输出,进行 集中供电的变电机。  Another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer motor suitable for centralized power supply with a constant DC current output.
本发明的再一目的在于提供一种可以随机稳压、稳流、稳功率,集 电能发生、电能变换于一身,尤其适合置于单台设备中的变电机。 本发明的最终目的是提供一种耗能少,不产生污染,不破坏生态环 境,使用方便安全的电能发生方法及实现这一方法的变电机。 Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a transformer motor that can randomly stabilize voltage, stabilize current, and stabilize power, integrates power generation and power conversion, and is particularly suitable for being placed in a single device. The ultimate object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating electric energy with less energy consumption, no pollution, no damage to the ecological environment, and convenient and safe use, and a transformer motor implementing the method.
根据本发明的一个方面,本发明的电能发生方法包括如下步骤; 利用一电源向分别连接于负载两端的至少一对电容器进行充电,' 使所述电容器上形成建场电压,所述一对电容器有至少一个为可变电 容器;  According to an aspect of the present invention, the electric energy generating method of the present invention includes the following steps: using a power source to charge at least a pair of capacitors connected to both ends of a load, respectively, so that a field voltage is formed on the capacitors, and the pair of capacitors At least one is a variable capacitor;
中断所述电源向所述一对电容器进行的充电,改变所述可变电容 器的电容量,使所述一 ½电容器上的电压交替地得到提升和下降,从而 使所述一对电容器上积累的电荷以交替的方向通过所述负载。  Interrupt the charging of the power source to the pair of capacitors, change the capacitance of the variable capacitor, so that the voltage on the one-half capacitor is alternately increased and decreased, so that the accumulated Charge passes through the load in alternating directions.
通过一建场电压调整电路检测所述建场电压,且当所述建场电压 低于一预定值时,控制所述电源恢复向所述电容器的充电。  The built-in field voltage is detected by a built-in field voltage adjustment circuit, and when the built-in field voltage is lower than a predetermined value, the power source is controlled to resume charging the capacitor.
根据本发明'的另一方面,本发明的电能发生器包括至少一对电容 器,一直流电源以及第一隔.离二极管,所述一对电容器的每个电容器的 一端相互连接形成共地端,另一端用以分别连接到负载的两端,所述直 流电源与所述第一隔离二极管串联连接后跨接在所述一对电容器 一 的两端, 且所述一对电容器的至少一个为可变电容器, 所述可变电容 器包括至少一组固定导电体和至少一组活动导电体,设置在所述固定 导电体与活动导电体之间的介电材料,以及连接所述活动导电体的旋 转轴。  According to another aspect of the present invention, the electric power generator of the present invention includes at least one pair of capacitors, a DC power source, and a first isolation diode. The other end is respectively connected to two ends of the load. The DC power source is connected in series with the first isolation diode and is connected across both ends of the pair of capacitors. At least one of the pair of capacitors may be A variable capacitor, the variable capacitor including at least one group of fixed conductors and at least one group of movable conductors, a dielectric material disposed between the fixed conductors and the movable conductors, and a rotation connecting the movable conductors axis.
根据本发明的又一方面,上述一对电容器为一对具有相同容量的 第一可变电容器和第二可变电容器,所述第一和第二可变电容器的活 动导电体由所述旋转轴同轴安装并形成所述的共地端,且所述第 ""和 第二可变电容器的动态容量之和设置等于其中单个可变电容器的满容 量。  According to still another aspect of the present invention, the pair of capacitors is a pair of a first variable capacitor and a second variable capacitor having the same capacity, and a movable conductor of the first and second variable capacitors is formed by the rotating shaft. The common ground terminal is installed and formed coaxially, and the sum of the dynamic capacities of the first and second variable capacitors is set equal to the full capacity of a single variable capacitor therein.
本发明提供的电能发生方法具有降低能耗和污染、有利于保护生 态环境和搡作方便、安全等优点,从而为人们提供了一种电能产生和利 用的新途径。 根据本发明提供的电能发生器,可以根据需要实现稳 、 稳压、稳功率,它能集电能产生和电能变换于一身,不仅适合于用作集 中供电的电能发生装置,尤其适合于在独立设备中用作供电电源;而 且,根据本发明提供的电能发生器具有体积小、原材料省、适合于大批 量生产且可以设计具有各种功率等优点。 The method for generating electric energy provided by the present invention has the advantages of reducing energy consumption and pollution, being beneficial to protecting the ecological environment, and convenient and safe operation, thereby providing a new way for people to generate and utilize electric energy. According to the electric energy generator provided by the present invention, stability, voltage stabilization, and stable power can be realized according to requirements. It can integrate electric energy generation and electric energy conversion into one, and is not only suitable for being used as an electric energy generating device for centralized power supply, but especially suitable for independent equipment It can be used as a power supply; moreover, the electric power generator provided according to the present invention has a small size, saves raw materials, and is suitable for large quantities. Mass production and can be designed with various power and other advantages.
以下将结合附图和实施例对本发明的电能发生方法和变电机的原 理和基本构造进行系统的描述。 附图概述  The principle and basic structure of the electric energy generating method and transformer according to the present invention will be systematically described below with reference to the drawings and embodiments. Overview of the drawings
图 1至图 4是用以说明本发明电能发生原理的示意图;  1 to 4 are schematic diagrams for explaining the principle of generating electric energy according to the present invention;
图 5至图 7是表示本发明的变电机 / 用旋转电容器的结构示意 图;  5 to 7 are schematic diagrams showing the structure of a transformer / rotary capacitor for use in the present invention;
图 8是表示本发明的一个变电机的剖面示意图;  8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a transformer according to the present invention;
图 9(A)是本发明的变电机所用旋转电容器的符号图;  9 (A) is a symbol diagram of a rotary capacitor used in a transformer motor of the present invention;
图 9(B)是本发明的变电机的符号图;  FIG. 9 (B) is a symbol diagram of a transformer motor of the present invention;
图 10是表示本发明的变电机的工作原理图;  FIG. 10 is a working principle diagram showing a transformer motor of the present invention;
图 11是表示本发明的变电机的一个工作系统示意图;  FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a working system of a transformer motor according to the present invention; FIG.
图 12(A)至 12(D)是表示本发明另一种变电机的结构示意图。 本发明的最佳实施方案  12 (A) to 12 (D) are schematic diagrams showing the structure of another transformer according to the present invention. The best embodiment of the present invention
参见图 1 (A),用一电池 E通过开关 K为一置于满容量位置的可 变电容器 CB充电,使 CB上的电压上升至 Vc ;假设 CB是一理想的、且 容量足够大的可变电容器,此时 CB上的电荷储量为: Referring to FIG. 1 (A), a battery E is used to charge a variable capacitor C B placed at a full capacity position through a switch K, so that the voltage on C B rises to V c ; it is assumed that C B is an ideal and has a capacity A sufficiently large variable capacitor, the charge storage on C B at this time is:
Qc=C XVc 库仑(C)Qc = C XV c Coulomb (C)
〔式中 C是 CB的容量,单位为法(F) ; Vc是 CB上的电压,单位为 伏(V)〕,接下来,先将开关 K打开,然后将 CB的容量减小为满容的二 分之一为 C/2 ,如图 1 (B)所示;因 CB是理想可变电容器,所以其上积 累的电荷 Qc既不会增加也不会减少,那么根据上式, CB上的电压应上 升为 -[Where C is the capacity of C B in units of method (F); V c is the voltage on C B in units of volts (V)]. Next, turn on switch K first, and then decrease the capacity of C B One half of the full capacity is C / 2, as shown in Figure 1 (B); because C B is an ideal variable capacitor, the charge Qc accumulated on it will neither increase nor decrease, so according to In the above formula, the voltage on C B should rise to −
Qc÷C/2=QcX 2/C = 2QC/C = 2VC 该式表明:当有一容量一定,储有一定量电荷的理想可变电容器, 在不接外电路的情况下,将它的电容量减少为二分之一时,该可变 容 器上的电压上升为原来电压的 2倍。 ' 接下来,将 CB的电容量由 C/2再减少二分之一为 C/4,如图 1 (C) 所示,根据同理,此时 CB上的电压应当上升为:2VC X 2 = 4VCQc ÷ C / 2 = Q c X 2 / C = 2Q C / C = 2V C This formula shows that when there is an ideal variable capacitor with a certain capacity and a certain amount of charge, it is connected to the circuit without an external circuit. When the capacitance decreases by one-half, the voltage on the variable container rises to twice the original voltage. '' Next, reduce the capacitance of C B from C / 2 by one-half to C / 4, as shown in Figure 1 (C) As shown, according to the same reason, the voltage on C B should rise as follows: 2V C X 2 = 4V C.
如此连续以二分之一的递减率改变可变电容器 CB的容量使它趋 近于零,则 CB上的电压呈指数规律上升,并趋于无穷大。 In this way, the capacity of the variable capacitor C B is continuously changed to a halving rate so that it approaches zero, and the voltage on C B rises exponentially and tends to infinity.
又,如果可变电容器 CB上的容量呈线性分布,依次递减改变 CB容 量的速度也是连续均匀的,并且是在规定的时间 T里完成的,那么依 次经过的时间占规定时间 T的比例为: In addition, if the capacity on the variable capacitor C B is linearly distributed, the speed of successively changing the capacity of C B is also continuous and uniform, and is completed within a prescribed time T, then the proportion of the elapsed time in sequence to the prescribed time T for:
T/2-3T/4-7T/8 2N-1T/2 =T 图 2表示在 Τ时间里可变电容器的容量以 2倍的速率连续递减, 其上电压的上升 化趋势: T / 2-3T / 4-7T / 8 2 N -1T / 2 = T Figure 2 shows that the capacity of the variable capacitor continuously decreases at a rate of 2 times during the T time, and the voltage rises on it:
、 图中左下 摆表示:当可变电容器的容量 C置于满容量位置尚未 开始减小时,其上已经储有了一定量的电荷 Qc并形成了强度为 Vc的 电场,用公式表示为 Qc=C XVc。 这是可变电容器的容量经 .变小后其 上的电压上升的先决条件,我们将这一条件称为 "初始条件 ";将此时建 立在电容器 C上的电压 Vc称为"建场电压"。 _ The left hem of the figure indicates that when the capacity C of the variable capacitor has not started to decrease when it is placed at the full capacity position, a certain amount of electric charge Qc has been stored thereon and an electric field of strength V c has been formed, which is expressed as Qc by the formula = C XV c . This is the prerequisite for the capacitance of the variable capacitor to decrease after it becomes smaller. We call this condition the "initial condition"; the voltage V c established on the capacitor C at this time is called the "field construction"Voltage". _
当可变电容器 CB的初始条件具备时,在它的容量递减过程中,其 上的电压呈指数规律上升,这一特性含有如下意义: When the initial conditions of the variable capacitor C B are met, the voltage on the variable capacitor C B rises exponentially during the process of decreasing its capacity. This characteristic has the following significance:
(一)它是一个电压呈指数规律增长的电压提升器,或可称之为势 能发生器,它具有给电荷 "加速 "的功能,它相当于一个电子加速器。' (1) It is a voltage booster with an exponentially increasing voltage, or it can be called a potential energy generator. It has the function of "accelerating" charge, which is equivalent to an electron accelerator. '
(二)从电源的角度来看,它是一个动态电源,一个"主动"电源,当 接上负载后它可以将电荷"强行"输出, "压迫"负载接受它输出的能量。 (2) From the perspective of power supply, it is a dynamic power supply, an "active" power supply. When it is connected to a load, it can "charge" the charge, and "compress" the load to receive the energy it outputs.
(三)它有稳功率 '的内涵:可变电容器容量的大小和建场电压的高 低决定了它一次输出的电荷量;可变电容器的容量变化速度决定了输 出时间;可变电容器的容量在递减变化的全过程中都有电荷输出,并且 不受外电路的影响。  (3) It has the connotation of stable power: the capacity of the variable capacitor and the level of the built-in voltage determine the amount of charge it outputs at one time; the speed of the variable capacitor's capacity determines the output time; the capacity of the variable capacitor is There is a charge output throughout the decreasing process, and it is not affected by external circuits.
"Q -C X V"这一关系式,是由意大利物理学家伏打(Fuda, A- lessandro Voka)于 1778年建立的。 伏打也曾做过移开电容器的一块 金属电极时电压上升的有关实验。  The relation "Q -C X V" was established in 1778 by the Italian physicist Fuda (A-lessandro Voka). Volta has also done experiments on voltage rise when a metal electrode of a capacitor was removed.
自然界也常见类似的现象,水蒸气裹胁尘埃上升形成的云层,在阳 光照射下产生电离,当遇到冷空气后,云层收缩电压上升,直至击穿空 气产生了雷电。 可变电容器上要有电荷输出,必须预先积累电荷;为了实现电荷在 势能和动能之间反复交替的转化,同时保证可变电容器上的电荷不会 消失,就要求另有一个同样具有储能和释能能力的器件参与转化,这个 器件可以用固定电容器、可变电容器和蓄电池袒任。 蓄电池是一个 "容 性电源",它可以等效为一个容量极大的充满电荷的固定电容器。 A similar phenomenon is common in nature. Clouds formed by water vapor threatening the rise of dust generate ionization under sunlight. When encountering cold air, the contraction voltage of the cloud rises until the lightning strikes the air. To have a charge output on the variable capacitor, it is necessary to accumulate the charge in advance; in order to realize the repeated and alternating conversion of charge between potential energy and kinetic energy, and at the same time to ensure that the charge on the variable capacitor does not disappear, it is required that another capacitor also has energy storage and The energy-releasing device participates in the conversion. This device can be used with fixed capacitors, variable capacitors and batteries. The battery is a "capacitive power source", which can be equivalent to a fixed capacitor with a large capacity and a full charge.
下面,让我们对几个以可变电容器为核心器件构成的电路进行分 析:  Now, let's analyze several circuits with variable capacitors as the core components:
参见图 3 (A) :当可变电容器 CB的夢量置于满容量时,蓄电池 E 通过负载! ^向 Cb充电;当 Cb 的容量 满容量减小至零时(见图 3 (B) ),CB又通过 RL将电荷返回给 Ε ;假如蓄电池 Ε的充电还原率为百 分之百,那么在此过程中电荷没有损失,但它却两次通过了负载 RL,并 且在! ^上做了功。 See Figure 3 (A): When the dream capacitor of variable capacitor C B is placed at full capacity, battery E passes the load! ^ Charge C b ; when the full capacity of C b is reduced to zero (see Figure 3 (B)), C B returns the charge to E through R L ; if the charge reduction rate of battery E is 100%, then There was no loss of charge during this process, but it passed the load R L twice, and was there! ^ Did work on.
现实中的蓄电池的充电还原率不会达到百分之百,为了避免电荷 的损失,我们在蓄电池上并联连接一个固定电容器来加以补偿,参见图 4(A) :  In reality, the battery's charge reduction rate will not reach 100%. In order to avoid the loss of charge, we connect a fixed capacitor in parallel to the battery to compensate, see Figure 4 (A):
图 4 (A)与 3相比增加了一只固定电容器 CD和一只二极管 D , 二极管 D的作用是只允许充电电荷通过,而咀档电荷的返回,该电路 工作的原理与图 3的电路基本相同,不同点是: Figure 4 (A) Compared with 3, a fixed capacitor C D and a diode D are added. The function of the diode D is to allow only the charge to pass through, and the return of the charge in the file. The principle of the circuit is the same as that in Figure 3. The circuits are basically the same, except that:
(一)蓄电池给电容器充电只需一次,以后电荷只在可变电容器 cB 和固定电容器 CD之间转移,假如都是理想电容器,则不会损失电荷 量。 (A) a battery to charge the capacitor only once and only in charge transfer between the variable capacitor and the fixed capacitor c B C D, if the capacitor is ideal, the charge amount will not be lost.
(二)电荷通过负载电咀 Ri_往返转移的过程出现了不平銜: CB的 容量由满容量变小时,由于电压呈指数上升,迫使电荷全部通过 RL,而 CB的容量从小变大接受电荷时, Cd向 CB的充电速度受到时间常数 τ = CDRL的数值的影响,当 τ的数值超过一定的范围时, CB会出现充电 不足,影响了 CB下一次输出的电荷量,因而整个电路的电荷迁移量受 到了。。和!^数值的牵制。 (2) The process of transferring charges through the load nozzle Ri_ appears to be uneven: The capacity of C B becomes smaller from full capacity. As the voltage rises exponentially, the charge is forced to pass through R L , and the capacity of C B increases from small to large. When receiving charge, the charging speed of C d to C B is affected by the value of time constant τ = C D RL. When the value of τ exceeds a certain range, C B will be undercharged, affecting the next output of C B The amount of charge, and therefore the amount of charge migration across the circuit. . with! ^ Containment of values.
参见图 4 (B),与图 4 (A)相比,图 4(B)用另一只可变电容器 CB'替 代了固定电容器 cD,c 与 CB是容量相等的同轴可. 电容器,但是两 电容器的容量始终处于对应的位置:如一个置于满容量,则另一个被置 于零:在联动变化时一个容量减小,另一个容量增加,而且两电容器的 容量分布的线性关系也是一致的。 图中 RE是限流电阻,且 >〉1^。 See Figure 4 (B), compared with Figure 4 (A), Figure 4 (B) with another variable capacitor C B 'instead of the fixed capacitor c D , c and C B are coaxial with the same capacity. Capacitors, but the capacity of the two capacitors is always in the corresponding position: if one is placed at full capacity, the other is placed Yu Zero: When the linkage changes, one capacity decreases and the other capacity increases, and the linear relationship between the capacity distribution of the two capacitors is also consistent. In the figure, R E is the current limiting resistor, and >> 1 ^.
当电路接通时,蓄电池 E通过 RE、D向 CB'和 CB充电,经过一段时 间,使 CB'和 CB上的电压与蓄电池电压基本相等(不计二极管 D的管 压降)。即整个电路处于等电位状态;此时转动同轴可变电容器,联接在 同轴上的 CB'与 CB的容量不断地交替变化,电荷通过负载 在 CB'与 CB之间往返转移,电荷的转移是由于可变电容器的电压提升作用,电 压在上升过程中产生了加速电荷迁移的电场力,电荷在转移途中再将 该力转移给负载,并在负载上做功。 When the circuit is connected, battery E charges C B 'and C B through RE and D. After a period of time, the voltages on C B ' and C B are substantially equal to the battery voltage (excluding the voltage drop of diode D) . That is, the entire circuit is in an equipotential state; at this time, the coaxial variable capacitor is rotated, and the capacitances of C B ′ and C B connected to the coaxial are continuously and alternately changed, and the charge is transferred back and forth between C B ′ and C B through the load. The charge transfer is due to the voltage boosting effect of the variable capacitor. During the voltage rise, an electric field force is generated to accelerate the charge migration. The charge then transfers the force to the load and performs work on the load.
以上过程开始阶段,蓄电池仅需向 和 CB充电一次,形成建场 电压,过后因 CB'与 CB在客观上不可避免要有损耗,所以蓄电池仍需 通过 R E、 D向 CB '与 CB补充损失的电荷,以维持建场电压不变。 At the beginning of the above process, the battery only needs to be charged to C B once to form a field voltage. Later, because C B 'and C B will inevitably have a loss objectively, the battery still needs to pass RE, D to C B ' and C B supplements the lost charge to maintain the built-in field voltage constant.
以上叙述了一种电能发生方式,这种方式可以被概括表达为:应用 可变电容器的电压提升原理,组合形成两个对应的交变电场,使一定量 电荷在交变电场中反复迁移,同时在势能和动能之间反复转化,电荷将 其势能提升时莸得的电场力向动能转化途中,通过负载输出电能。  The above describes a method of generating electrical energy. This method can be summarized as: applying the voltage boosting principle of a variable capacitor to combine to form two corresponding alternating electric fields, so that a certain amount of charge repeatedly migrates in the alternating electric field, and at the same time The potential energy and the kinetic energy are repeatedly converted, and the electric field force obtained when the electric charge increases its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy on the way, and the electric energy is output through the load.
用附图 3、附图 4所示的电路来进行验证这一方法并得到确切的 结杲是可以的,但还远不能成为实用的电能发生装置。  It is possible to verify this method using the circuits shown in Figures 3 and 4 and obtain the exact results, but it is far from being a practical power generation device.
可变电容器是这一电能发生方法采用的核心器件,符合实用要求 的可变电容器应具有容量大,变化速率高、转换控制方便等特性,现实 中尚不存在这样的可变电容器,必须重新设计。  The variable capacitor is the core device used in this method of generating electricity. A variable capacitor that meets practical requirements should have characteristics such as large capacity, high rate of change, and convenient conversion control. Such a variable capacitor does not exist in reality and must be redesigned. .
首先解决可变电容器的容量问题:  First solve the problem of the capacity of the variable capacitor:
根据计算平板电容器容量的一般公式:  According to the general formula for calculating the capacitance of a plate capacitor:
C=eA/d 法拉(F)  C = eA / d Farah (F)
(式中 ε是相对介电常数; A是电容器两平行板相对部分的面积, 单位为平方米(M2),d是两平行板相隔的间距,单位为米(M) )。 (In the formula, ε is the relative dielectric constant; A is the area of the opposite parts of the two parallel plates of the capacitor, the unit is square meter (M 2 ), and d is the distance between the two parallel plates, the unit is meter (M)).
要得到一个高容量的可变电容器:可以采取增大介电常数,扩大平 行板面积,减小平行板间间距等几种措施;通常扩大平行板面积同时也 就增加了电容器的体积;减小平行板间间距又受到转动条件以及击穿 电压等的因素的限制,满足转动条件和耐压要求之后,最小板间间距就 已经基本被确定了。介电材料虽然很多,但并非都是适合做可变电容器 的。 总之,电容器的容量是一个受到多种因素制约、须经过优化组合选 择决定的量。 To obtain a high-capacity variable capacitor: Several measures can be taken such as increasing the dielectric constant, expanding the area of parallel plates, and reducing the distance between parallel plates. Generally, increasing the area of parallel plates also increases the volume of the capacitor; The spacing between parallel plates is limited by factors such as rotation conditions and breakdown voltage. After meeting the rotation conditions and withstand voltage requirements, the minimum plate spacing is Almost confirmed. Although there are many dielectric materials, not all are suitable for variable capacitors. In short, the capacity of a capacitor is an amount that is subject to multiple factors and must be determined by optimal combination selection.
介电材料大体可分为气体、因体、液体等三类,空气的介电常数太 小,一般不宜采用;固体介电材料的介电常数范围很宽,铁电陶瓷的介 电常数已做到远超过 10000的数量级,但是单一使用固体材料意味着 可变电容器不能转动(此结论只对采用板形结构类型的可变电容器有 意义,如是采用其它结构类型的可变电容器,则并非都是正确的。 本文 以平行板可变电容器这一典型结构作为讨论问题的依据。 液体材料的 介电常数范围在两者之间,并且不断地有新的合成液体介电材料出现, 因此,采用单一液体材料或者用固体和液体(包括电解液)以及固体和 气体(包括稀有气体)相结合的方式,是提高介电常数,从而增大单位体 积电容量的有效途径。  Dielectric materials can be roughly divided into three categories: gas, caustic, and liquid. The dielectric constant of air is too small to be generally used. The dielectric constant range of solid dielectric materials is very wide. The dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramics has been made. Up to the order of 10,000, but the single use of solid materials means that the variable capacitor cannot be rotated (this conclusion is only meaningful for variable capacitors with plate structure type, and not all variable capacitors with other structure types Correct. This article uses the typical structure of a parallel plate variable capacitor as the basis for discussion. The dielectric constant range of liquid materials is between the two, and new synthetic liquid dielectric materials continue to appear. Therefore, a single Liquid materials or the combination of solids and liquids (including electrolytes) and solids and gases (including noble gases) are effective ways to increase the dielectric constant and thereby increase the capacitance per unit volume.
当采用固体和液体或者固体和气体的复合介质时,应将电容器的 至少一个电极用固体介质材料包裹起来,使电极与 体或者气体隔离。 选择液体(电解液)或者气体 (稀有气体)的配方,根据具体情况在实验 中确定它们的电阻率,以达到使介电材料的介电系数充分显现的目的。  When using a solid and liquid or solid and gas composite medium, at least one electrode of the capacitor should be wrapped with a solid dielectric material to isolate the electrode from the body or gas. Select the formula of liquid (electrolyte) or gas (rare gas), and determine their resistivity in the experiment according to the specific conditions, so as to make the dielectric coefficient of the dielectric material fully manifest.
另外采取增大平行板相对面积和缩小相对间距的特殊措施,(如对 电极材料进行腐蚀,提高平整度等)提高制造可变电容器的工艺加工水 平,对增大单位体积可变电容器的容量也有密切的关系,现有的工业加 工手段和工艺水平已为大容量可变电容器的生产提供了充分的条件。  In addition, special measures are taken to increase the relative area of the parallel plates and reduce the relative spacing (such as corrosion of electrode materials, improve flatness, etc.) to improve the level of process of manufacturing variable capacitors, and to increase the capacity of variable capacitors per unit volume. Close relationship, the existing industrial processing methods and technology levels have provided sufficient conditions for the production of large-capacity variable capacitors.
可以预期,在 0. 001m3的体积中得到大于 ΙΟΟμί容量的可变电容 器是完全可以做到的。 It can be expected that it is completely possible to obtain a variable capacitor with a capacity greater than 100 μL in a volume of 0.001 m 3 .
再解决可变电容器的变化速率问题:.  Then solve the problem of the rate of change of the variable capacitor :.
旋转是快速移动变換平行板电容器容量的最有效最省力的方法。 从设计的角度来说,希望旋转速度愈低愈好,低转速有利于节省旋转动 力,有利于调整控制,有利于减少干扰的发生几率。  Rotation is the most efficient and labor-saving method for quickly moving the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. From a design point of view, it is hoped that the lower the rotation speed, the better. A low rotation speed is conducive to saving the rotational power, facilitating adjustment and control, and reducing the probability of interference.
采取"分容"的措施是在保证可变电容器容量不变的前提下,既可 以降低变电机的转速,又可以提高可变电容器变化速率的行之有效的 办法。 . 参见图 5,图示为一片状可变电容器的结构,联结转轴 50的部分 是动片 51 (图 5 (A)),另一部分是定片(图 5 (B)) ;转轴 50沿同一方向 每旋转 360度,电容器的容量从零到满容量再回到零,只变换一次。 如 果将动片和定片各分为自相联结的两个相等部分,如图 6 (A)和 6 (B) 所示,不难看出,如此转轴沿同一方向每旋转 360度,电容器的总容量 基本保持不变,而容量从零到满容量再回到零却反复变换了 2次;如此 再分下去,我们就可以得到平均分容数为 N的总容量仍保持不变的可 变电容器了。 为叙述的方便,以下将变电机内的可变电容器称为 "旋转. 电容器";将旋转电容器的平均分容数简称为 "容分(N) ",(N)用正整 数表示。 Taking "capacity-dividing" measures is an effective way to both reduce the speed of the variable motor and increase the rate of change of the variable capacitor under the premise that the capacity of the variable capacitor is unchanged. Referring to FIG. 5, the structure of a one-piece variable capacitor is shown. The part connecting the rotating shaft 50 is a moving piece 51 (FIG. 5 (A)), and the other part is a fixed piece (FIG. 5 (B)). Every 360 ° rotation in the same direction, the capacity of the capacitor goes from zero to full capacity and then returns to zero, only once. If the moving piece and the fixed piece are respectively divided into two equal parts that are self-connected, as shown in Figs. 6 (A) and 6 (B), it is not difficult to see that, so that every 360 degrees of rotation of the shaft in the same direction, the total capacitance of the capacitor The capacity is basically unchanged, but the capacity is changed twice from zero to full capacity and then returned to zero; in this case, we can obtain a variable capacitor with an average capacity of N and a total capacity that remains unchanged. Already. For the convenience of description, the variable capacitors in a transformer are hereinafter referred to as "rotating capacitors"; the average partial capacity of a rotary capacitor is referred to as "capacity (N)", and (N) is expressed by a positive integer.
图 7(A)和 7(B)是一容分 4的旋转电容器的示意图。  Figures 7 (A) and 7 (B) are schematic diagrams of a rotating capacitor with a capacity of 4 points.
旋转电容器的容分数是否可以无限制地提高呢?不能,它被分后的 最小宽度无论如何不能小于动片和定片之间的间距,这是极限。另外容 分数愈多就会使旋转电容器作为电压提升器的效果愈差,直至丧失了 这一功能。  Can the capacitance of a rotating capacitor be increased without limit? No, the minimum width after it is divided cannot be smaller than the distance between the moving plate and the fixed plate. This is the limit. In addition, more capacitance will make the rotary capacitor less effective as a voltage booster until this function is lost.
一个具体的旋转电容器的容分数要受到它自身旋转周长的限制, 周长愈长可分的余地愈大,反之则愈小,因而变电机的体积愈大一般容 分数也高,反之则低。  The capacity of a specific rotating capacitor is limited by its own rotating perimeter. The longer the perimeter, the greater the room for divisibility, and vice versa, the smaller it is. Therefore, the larger the volume of the variable motor, the higher the general capacitance and the lower.
电容器的变换速率是它的旋转速度和容分数两项的乘积, 得出的 数据即是变电机的输出频率;设旋转电容器的转速为 M,单位:转 /秒, 用字母表示为 r/s ;变电机的输出频率 ί,单位:赫兹,用字母表示为 ΗΖ;它们与容分数之间的关系为:  The conversion rate of a capacitor is the product of its rotation speed and capacity fraction. The data obtained is the output frequency of the variable motor. Let the rotation speed of the rotating capacitor be M, the unit is revolutions per second, and the letter is expressed as r / s. ; Output frequency of variable motor, unit: Hertz, expressed as ΗZ with letters; the relationship between them and the capacity fraction is:
f=M X N  f = M X N
这里,(ί)与交流电的频率有着相同的意义。  Here, (ί) has the same meaning as the frequency of alternating current.
现将旋转电容器的转速 Μ与容分 Ν,以 5为基数递增,计算得出 变电机输出频率 f 的 10组数据列于表 1 : Now, the rotation speed of the rotating capacitor M and the capacity fraction N are increased by 5 as the base. The 10 sets of data of the variable motor output frequency f are calculated as shown in Table 1:
组别 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
M 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 M 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
f 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225 1600 2025 2500  f 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225 1600 2025 2500
分析表中所列数字可得出以下结论: Analyzing the numbers in the table leads to the following conclusions:
(一)变电机的输出频率可高达 1ί Ζ以上。 这是设计小体积、大 功率变电机的重要条件。  (1) The output frequency of the variable motor can be as high as 1 dl or more. This is an important condition for designing a small-sized, high-power transformer.
(二)变电机输出频率的设计取值范围很宽,它意味着使用同一个 变电机在一定范围内能够适用不同负载的功率要求,并且为缩小变电 机产品的功率设计划分序列创造了条件。  (2) The design value range of the output frequency of the transformer is very wide, which means that the same transformer can be used to meet the power requirements of different loads within a certain range, and it has created conditions for reducing the power design division sequence of transformer products.
(三)调节变电机转速 Μ可以稳定输出,这是设计稳流、稳压、稳功 率的变电机电源必不可少的条件。  (3) Adjusting the speed of the transformer motor M can stabilize the output, which is an indispensable condition for designing a transformer motor power supply with stable current, constant voltage and stable power.
通常增大旋转电容器的容量,是将若干片动片和定片进行组合,为 了便于区别,我们将旋转电容器的动片组合称为 "动组";定片组合称 为:"定组",每一组合的各片之间都必须保持容量一致和位置的对称。  Generally, to increase the capacity of a rotating capacitor, a combination of a number of moving blades and a fixed piece is used. In order to facilitate the distinction, we call the moving blade combination of a rotating capacitor a "moving group"; The pieces of each combination must maintain the same capacity and symmetrical position.
如图 8所示的是本发明一个变电机的剖面示意图,图中画出了上、 下两个旋转电容器,它的两个动组 5Γ与同一转轴 50相联,并作为一 个接线端子引出;两个旋转电容器。 C 与 CB的定组 52'彼此分开,各引 出一个输出接线端子 521,如图 4(B)中的 CB'、CB所示。 Fig. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a transformer motor according to the present invention. The figure shows two upper and lower rotating capacitors. Its two moving groups 5Γ are connected to the same rotating shaft 50 and lead out as a connection terminal. Two rotating capacitors. The fixed groups 52 'of C and C B are separated from each other, and each leads to an output terminal 521, as shown by C B ' and C B in FIG. 4 (B).
图 9 (A)和图 9 (B)是分别表示旋转电容器和变电机的符号图,其 中标号 50表示旋转轴,标号 51 '表示动组,标号 52'表示定组。  Fig. 9 (A) and Fig. 9 (B) are symbol diagrams showing a rotary capacitor and a transformer, respectively, where reference numeral 50 indicates a rotation axis, reference numeral 51 'indicates a moving group, and reference numeral 52' indicates a fixed group.
一个实用的变电机系统里包含的旋转电容器的数量往往会不止两 个,可能是三个、四个甚至更多。除特殊情况,它们的动组一般都联^在 同一旋转轴上,定组则由各自的接线端子分别引出,作图时用不同的字 符加以区别。  A practical transformer system contains more than two rotating capacitors, which may be three, four or even more. Except for special cases, their moving groups are generally connected on the same rotation axis, and fixed groups are led out by their respective terminal blocks. Different characters are used to distinguish them when drawing.
另外,为了进一步减小体积,可以将两个旋转电容器的定片设计在 一个片基上,交叉隔开、分别连接后再引出接线端子。 两旋转电容器的 转组由于是直接相联的,其作用可以等效为一个转组,故可以省掉其中 一个。 这样两个旋转电容器就合并在一个体积中了。 但是这样做的结 果会增大两个旋转电容器的极间耦合电容,耦合电容的存在一般是不 利的,应采取措施使其减小,直到减至允许的数值。 In addition, in order to further reduce the volume, the fixed piece of the two rotary capacitors can be designed on a single piece of substrate, cross-spaced, connected separately, and then lead out the terminal. Since the rotation group of two rotating capacitors is directly connected, its function can be equivalent to one rotation group, so one of them can be omitted. The two rotating capacitors are now combined in one volume. However, as a result of this, the inter-electrode coupling capacitance of the two rotating capacitors will be increased. If it is beneficial, measures should be taken to reduce it until it reaches the allowable value.
变电机的工作条件及其解决方法:  Working conditions of transformer motors and their solutions:
(一)变电机工作的初始条件的建立。  (1) Establishment of initial conditions for transformer operation.
变电机的主要作用是实现电荷在旋转电容器之间转移从而产生电 能,旋转电容器本身不能产生电荷,必须预先将电荷置入,形成一个强 度一定的.电场,既预设 "建场电压",没有这个条件变电机便不能工作。 建场电压的高低取决于旋转电容器电荷储存量的多少,同时,建场电压 愈高,旋转电容器的电场力就愈大,变电机的输出功率就愈大。  The main function of the variable motor is to realize the transfer of electric charges between the rotating capacitors to generate electric energy. The rotating capacitors cannot generate electric charges themselves. The electric charges must be placed in advance to form a certain strength. Under this condition, the motor cannot work. The built-in voltage depends on the amount of charge stored in the rotating capacitor. At the same time, the higher the built-in voltage, the greater the electric field force of the rotating capacitor and the greater the output power of the transformer.
另外,建场电压是个可调因素,如将它和转速调整结合起来,可以 形成一个近乎完美的变电机输出的调整系统。  In addition, the built-in voltage is an adjustable factor. For example, combining it with the speed adjustment can form a nearly perfect variable motor output adjustment system.
建场电压的形成,可以采用前述图 3、图 4的形式,均由蓄电池来 担任,但是,一个蓄电池的电压是有限的,图 10的电路可以用最少的蓄 电池满足高电压的要求,同时使建场电压可以随机调整。 (不排除使用 电能变换器将蓄电池升压的通常办法提供建场电压,也可以用现有工 频电源经整流后直接提供,或者经降、升压变换后提供等。)  The formation of the construction voltage can be in the form of the aforementioned Figures 3 and 4 and both are performed by the battery. However, the voltage of a battery is limited. The circuit of Figure 10 can meet the high voltage requirements with the least battery Field voltage can be adjusted randomly. (It does not rule out that the common method of using a power converter to boost the storage battery to provide the field voltage can also be provided directly after rectification using the existing power frequency power supply, or after the conversion by step-down and boost.)
图 10中的 Cs是一个旋转电容器,它将蓄电池 E的电压提升到一 定高度满足建场电压的要枣后,由 A点检出取样信号,经建场电压调 整电路 101整形加工后去控制一个电子开关 KE的动作,从而达到调 整建场电压的目的, 图中 D^Dz是隔离二极管。不难看出,整个电路组 成了一个可调稳压源;注意图中 Cs的动组与其它的旋转电容器的动组 是联结在同一旋转轴上的。 C s in FIG. 10 is a rotating capacitor, which raises the voltage of the battery E to a certain height to meet the field voltage, and then detects the sampling signal at point A. After the field voltage adjustment circuit 101 is reshaped, it is controlled. The action of an electronic switch K E achieves the purpose of adjusting the field voltage. D ^ Dz in the figure is an isolation diode. It is not difficult to see that the entire circuit constitutes an adjustable voltage regulator source; note that the moving group of C s and the moving group of other rotating capacitors are connected on the same rotation axis.
(二)变电机的运转问题。  (2) Problems in the operation of transformer motors.
变电机是一种电能发生装置,它的运转是指它在正常发电时的工 作状态,除以上叙及的初始条件外,我们更关心的是它的运转动力的形 成,尤其是运转所需的动力和它能够产生的电力之间的关系,以及变电 机的能量转化关系究竟是怎样的? 是'怎么发生的? 这不仅涉及理论根 据问题,而且还涉及到人们的传统观念。  A transformer motor is a kind of electrical energy generating device. Its operation refers to its working state during normal power generation. In addition to the initial conditions mentioned above, we are more concerned about the formation of its operating power, especially the operation required. What is the relationship between power and the power it can produce, and what is the relationship between the energy conversion of a transformer motor? How did it happen? This involves not only issues of theoretical basis, but also people's traditional perceptions.
迄今已被利用的能源物质,大体上可以被分为三类:分子能、原子 能和电 (子)能。  Energy materials that have been used so far can be broadly divided into three categories: molecular energy, atomic energy, and electrical (sub) energy.
分子能是指那些由多个单质物质的分子聚合成的能源物质,它们 在产生能量的同时,又分解成了原来组成它们的物质分子,分子能是物 质分子的结合能,它属于一次性能源。经典物理理论中的质量守恒和能 量守恒定律的内涵,已基本包容了这类物质的能量转化关系,并长期以 来形成了人们的传统观念。 Molecular energy refers to those energy substances that are formed by the aggregation of molecules of multiple elemental substances. At the same time that energy is generated, it is decomposed into the material molecules that originally composed them. Molecular energy is the binding energy of material molecules, which belongs to disposable energy. The connotation of the law of conservation of mass and energy in classical physical theory has basically contained the energy conversion relationship of such substances, and has formed people's traditional ideas for a long time.
原子能是原子核的裂变产生的巨大能量,是原子核的结合能。原子 是元素的最小物质单位,经过核裂变的物质原子转变成了其它等价的 物质原子,用质量守恒和能量守恒定律已不能够完全解释物质原子的 转变和能量变化的关系了,而要用爱因斯坦创立的相对论力学中的质 能等价和质量亏损理论才能解释之。 尤其值得指出的是在原子能的发 现和获得过程中,曾得到过相对论理论的启发,反之它也为相对论理论 提供了例证。原子核内虽然蕴藏着巨大能量,但它仍具有一次性能源的 性质,尚不足以破除人们的传统观念。  Atomic energy is the huge energy produced by the fission of atomic nuclei, and it is the binding energy of atomic nuclei. Atom is the smallest material unit of element. The material atom that has undergone nuclear fission is transformed into other equivalent material atoms. Using the law of conservation of mass and energy can no longer fully explain the relationship between the transformation of material atom and energy change. The theory of mass-energy equivalence and mass loss in relativity mechanics founded by Einstein can explain it. In particular, it is worth pointing out that in the process of discovery and acquisition of atomic energy, it was inspired by the theory of relativity, on the contrary, it also provided an example for the theory of relativity. Although there is huge energy in the nucleus, it still has the property of one-time energy, which is not enough to break people's traditional ideas.
电能与分子能和原子能相比有本质的区别,电能的物质一电子既 不能创造也不会消灭,电子在其存在的空间里始终保持同一的物质形 态。那么产生电能的依据何在呢?在于电子的质量、运动速度以及它的 荷电特性。其中电子的质量和运动速度是产生电能的根据,电子的荷电 特性是电子运动的条件。 电子的运动都要受到质子的制约,唯其如此, 电子才表现出多样的存在形式。一切物质中都存在质子,电子运动在一 切物质之中。  There is an essential difference between electrical energy and molecular energy and atomic energy. The matter-electron of electrical energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and electrons always maintain the same material state in the space in which they exist. So what is the basis for generating electricity? It lies in the mass of the electron, its speed of movement, and its charge characteristics. The mass and speed of electrons are the basis for generating electrical energy, and the charge characteristics of electrons are the conditions for electron movement. The movement of electrons is restricted by protons. Only in this way can electrons show various forms of existence. Protons exist in all matter, and electrons move through all matter.
风能和水能也都是以质量加上速度来体现能量的能源形态, 给空 气和水加速度的动力是因为阳光的幅射和地球、月球的运动等自然力 的作用而形成的; 电能的能量体现形式虽然也是质量加上速度, 但 是, 给电子加速度的动力不能由自然力稳定地形成, 能够给电子产生 加速度的因素已存在于电子 (以及质子) 的本身, 即电子的负荷电特 性和质子的正荷电特性以及两者之间产生的引力, 利用以上因素转化 成可资利用的电能, 只有人才能做到! 电子存在的每一种形式, 都与 质子对它的作用有关, 质子与电子之间的引力一般表现为束缚电子运 动的阻力, 但经过转变也可成为使电子迁移的动力。 旋转电容器的转 组(负极)在建场电压建立以后, 是处于失去电子即带正电的状态。正 是由于它的转动 (移开) , 导致了 (弹性) 介质的退极化、从而使旋转 电容器的定组 (正极) 相对面积缩小、其上的电荷密度增大, 电压上 升, 进而形成了使电子加速度的动力。 Wind and water energy are also energy forms that reflect energy by mass plus speed. The power to accelerate air and water is formed by the effects of natural forces such as the radiation of sunlight and the movement of the earth and the moon; the energy reflects the energy of electricity Although the form is also mass plus speed, the power to accelerate the electrons cannot be formed stably by natural forces. The factors that can generate accelerations for the electrons already exist in the electrons (and protons) themselves, that is, the electronic characteristics of the load and the positiveness of the protons. The charging characteristics and the gravitational force generated between the two can be converted into usable electrical energy by using the above factors. Only people can do it! Every form of electron existence is related to the action of protons on it. The gravitational force between protons and electrons is generally expressed as resistance that restricts the movement of electrons, but it can also become a driving force for electron migration after transformation. After the rotation capacitor (negative pole) of the rotary capacitor is established, it is in a state of being positively charged after losing electrons. It is due to its rotation (removal) that it causes the (elastic) depolarization of the medium, which causes the rotation The relative area of the fixed group (positive electrode) of the capacitor is reduced, the charge density on the capacitor is increased, and the voltage is increased, which further forms the power for accelerating the electrons.
相对论力学认为,物质的质量与它的运动速度有关,运动中的物质 所具有的能量遵守总能量方程 Relativistic mechanics believes that the mass of matter is related to its speed of movement, and that the energy of matter in motion follows the total energy equation
(式中 c表示光速、 m表示质量、 m。表示静止质量; mc2是物质的 总能量, m。C2是它的静态质量, EK是它的动能) (Where c is the speed of light, m is the mass, and m is the rest mass; mc 2 is the total energy of the substance, m. C 2 is its static mass, and E K is its kinetic energy)
• 物质能表现为静止的势态,也能表现为运动中的动态,在能够以光 速运动的物质中蕴藏着巨大的能量。  • Matter can be shown as a static state of motion, as well as dynamics in motion, and there is huge energy in matter that can move at the speed of light.
电能就属于这样一种能量。电荷能以势能的形式存在,表现为静止 的势态;电荷也能以动能的形式存在,表现为迁移的动态,只要将正、负 电荷之间存在的引力改变为迁移电荷 (电子)的动力,从而使电荷在以 上两种能态之间不断转化,我们就可以从中得到取之不尽的电能。 , 电能本身就是能源! 一种特殊能源,或许可以将它归入"循环能 源"一类。 它不需要依靠其它的能源来转换,全部问题的关鍵在于使它 产生的方法。  Electric energy belongs to this kind of energy. Charge energy exists in the form of potential energy, which appears as a stationary potential state. Charge can also exist in the form of kinetic energy, which is expressed as the dynamics of migration. As long as the gravitational force between positive and negative charges is changed to the power of migrating charges (electrons), As a result, the charge is continuously transformed between the above two energy states, and we can obtain inexhaustible electrical energy from it. Electricity is energy! A special energy source may be classified as "recyclable energy". It does not need to rely on other energy sources for conversion. The key to all the problems lies in the method of making it.
现有产生电能的方法的失当之处主要在于:  The faults of the existing methods of generating electricity are mainly:
一、采用了磁场发电的方法,不可避免地伴生了一个不允许消除的 力。  First, the method using magnetic field power generation inevitably accompanies a force that cannot be eliminated.
二、采用了分离、迁移、复合的电荷迁移程式,使电能实际上只被利 用了一次,为了维持电荷的循环迁移,必须连续注入使电子摆脱质子的 引力所需的能量。  Second, the separation, migration, and recombination of charge migration programs is used, so that electrical energy is actually used only once. In order to maintain the cyclic migration of charges, the energy required to free the electrons from the gravitational attraction of the electrons must be continuously injected.
是用电场的方.法还是用磁场的方法得到电能,我们可以有两种选 择,遗憾得是我们过早地选择了后者。 用电场的方法产生电能,用磁场 的方法将电能转换为电动力,或许事物本来应当是这样来安排的。 . 变电机本身不能产生任何能量,它的任务是为电荷创造一个连续 反复迁移的条件以及控制电荷迁移的速率;变电机所需要的运转动力 和它所发生的电能之间没有内在的必然联系,它们各自产生的原因是 不一样的,因此两者之间没有直接可比性。 变电机所实现的不过是提供了一个证明相对论理论的实例而已。 以下再将变电机的构造与工作方式作一概括描述: Whether to use electric field method or magnetic field method to get electrical energy, we can choose two ways. Unfortunately, we chose the latter too early. Electric fields are used to generate electrical energy, and magnetic fields are used to convert electrical energy into electric power. Perhaps things should be arranged this way. The transformer motor itself cannot generate any energy. Its task is to create a condition for continuous and repeated migration of charge and to control the rate of charge migration; there is no inherent necessary connection between the operating power required by the transformer motor and the electricity it generates. Their respective causes are different, so there is no direct comparability between the two. What the variable motor achieves is just to provide an example to prove the theory of relativity. The following briefly describes the structure and working mode of the transformer:
通过一个直流电源提供建场电压。电源的正、负输出端分别与一旋 转电容器的两组极片相连接,夹在极片之间的介质被极化,形成一个电 场。 接电源正输出端的极片得到电子,成为旋转电容器的正极;接电源 负输出湍的极片失去电子,成为旋转电容器的负极。在以上的组合构造 中,电荷巳以势能的形式存储于旋转电容器之中。(通常正、负电荷之间 所表现的吸引和排斥作用力,在以上构造的电源、旋转电容器及其介质 之间已呈抵消平衡的状态。)接下来,再用一旋转电容器参与组合,(用 固定电容器或者蓄电池参与组合的形式,属于变电机构造的特例),将 它的一极与前述旋转电容器的负极相联结,另一极与前述旋转电.容器 的正极分别引出输出端子,负载接在这两个输出端子之间。两个旋转电 容器的定片组合和转片组合之间的重合位置,要求分别保持交替重合 的状态。(以上两旋转电容器的相互位置上的区别以及它的旋转工作方 式,使两个旋转电容器联结在一起的两个负极可以等效成为一个负 极)。 两个联结在一起的负极组合通常也是两个旋转电容器的转组,将 它们固定在同一根转轴上,再用一动力源拖动转轴旋转。变电机在运转 时,组成它的两旋转电容器的电容量反复交替地变化,电荷随在两旋转 电容器之间往返迁移,并通过负载输出电能。  The field voltage is provided by a DC power supply. The positive and negative output terminals of the power supply are respectively connected to two sets of pole pieces of a rotary capacitor, and the medium sandwiched between the pole pieces is polarized to form an electric field. The pole piece connected to the positive output end of the power source gets electrons and becomes the positive pole of the rotary capacitor; the pole piece connected to the negative output turbulence of the power source loses electrons and becomes the negative pole of the rotary capacitor. In the above combined structure, the charge 巳 is stored in the rotating capacitor in the form of potential energy. (Usually, the attractive and repulsive forces shown between the positive and negative charges are in a balanced state between the power supply, the rotating capacitor, and its medium.) Next, a rotating capacitor is used to participate in the combination, ( The use of fixed capacitors or batteries to participate in the combination is a special case of the structure of the variable motor). One of its poles is connected to the negative pole of the aforementioned rotating capacitor, and the other pole is connected to the aforementioned rotating electricity. The positive terminal of the container leads to the output terminal and the load, respectively. Connect between these two output terminals. The overlapping position between the fixed piece assembly and the rotating piece assembly of the two rotating capacitors is required to maintain the alternately overlapping states, respectively. (The difference in the positions of the two rotating capacitors above and the way they work in rotation make the two negative electrodes connected to the two rotating capacitors equivalent to one negative electrode). The two connected negative combinations are usually two rotating capacitors. They are fixed on the same shaft, and then a power source is used to rotate the shaft. When the transformer motor is running, the capacitances of the two rotating capacitors that make up it change repeatedly and alternately, and the charges move back and forth between the two rotating capacitors, and output electric energy through the load.
有必要指出的是,当一旋转电容器在作提升势能的变化时,另一旋 转电容器作的是相反的回收变 ,力学理论认为:势能(保守力)作功具 有可以回收的性质。在变电机的工作方式里就具体体现了这一性质,而 且势能提升和回收在变电机中是同步进行的。 制作旋转电容器的材料 通常不用磁性材料,也应当避免使用磁性材料。旋转电容器正常运转时 电荷在极片上的流动既使产生了力,也必然在极片的平面上以及呈交 叉重叠结构的正、负极极片的垂直线上抵消了,不可能在旋转电容器转 片组合的平动方向上形成阻力。  It is necessary to point out that when one rotary capacitor is changing the potential energy, the other rotary capacitor is performing the opposite recovery change. Mechanical theory believes that the potential energy (conservative force) can be recovered as a function. This property is specifically reflected in the working mode of the transformer, and the potential energy promotion and recovery are performed synchronously in the transformer. Materials for rotating capacitors are usually not used and should be avoided. During the normal operation of the rotating capacitor, the flow of charges on the pole pieces, even if a force is generated, must be offset on the plane of the pole pieces and the vertical lines of the positive and negative pole pieces with a cross-over structure. It is impossible to rotate the rotating capacitor Resistance is formed in the combined translation direction.
变电机的转动阻力来自重力体现在旋转轴上的转动磨擦力以及极 片在气体或者液体中平行移动的接触磨擦力,总之,它们都属于机械磨 擦力,允许我们采取各种措施将其消减之。 变电机的旋转方向一般没有限制,几乎一切动力都可以用来直接 或者间接地驱动它,如风力、水力、潮汐力、人力、畜力以及气动力、热动 力和电动力等。 The rotation resistance of the variable motor comes from the rotating friction force of gravity reflected on the rotating shaft and the contact friction force of the pole pieces moving in parallel in gas or liquid. In short, they are all mechanical friction forces, allowing us to take various measures to reduce them. . The direction of rotation of a variable motor is generally not limited. Almost all power can be used to drive it directly or indirectly, such as wind, water, tidal, human, animal, as well as pneumatic, thermal, and electric power.
变电机的运转可以简单地由一组独立电源驱动一直流调速电 机 来拖动;当条件许可而又必要时,可以采取另设一组旋转电容器的办 法,来构成直流调速电动机的驱动电源。  The operation of the variable motor can be simply dragged by a group of independent power sources to drive the DC motor; when conditions permit and it is necessary, another set of rotating capacitors can be adopted to form the driving power of the DC motor. .
参见图 11,该图为变电机的一种工作系统示意图:  See Figure 11, which is a schematic diagram of a working system of a transformer motor:
图示的系统由 5只旋转电容器 CZ1— CZ5组成, 它们的转组都联 结在同一个转轴 50上;其中 CZ1— CZ2是一组对应的旋转电容器,用 来作为变电机系统的输出。 R 是负载; C Z 3是建场电压旋转电容器,作 用是提升蓄电池 E 的电压,満足 CZ1— CZ2的建场电压需要; CZ4 - CZ5是另一组对应的旋转电容器,任务是提供直流调速电动机 M的动 力,图中的 D4— D7、DW、CW组成 CZ4— CZ5 的整流、稳压、滤波电路, CZ4-CZ5的建场电压由蓄电池 E经过限流电阻 RE直接提供;直流调 速电动机的起动动力由蓄电池 Ew供给,通过开机、停机的开关 Kw控 制; Di— Ds均为隔离二极管,(其中 D3的负极可以从 B点断开改 在 B'点上)。 由电压测试点 A检出的信号,同时反馈给建场电压调整电路 101 和电动机转速控制电路 102,分别控制电子开关 KE和可变电阻 Rw, 从而达到调整变电机建场电压和工作频率的目的,最终控制变电 机的输出电流,输出电压以及输出功率。 The system shown in the figure is composed of 5 rotating capacitors CZ1-CZ5, and their rotation groups are connected to the same rotating shaft 50; CZ1-CZ2 is a set of corresponding rotating capacitors, which are used as the output of the variable motor system. R is the load; CZ 3 is the built-in field voltage rotating capacitor, which is used to increase the voltage of battery E, which satisfies the built-in field voltage requirements of CZ1-CZ2; CZ4-CZ5 are another set of corresponding rotating capacitors, and the task is to provide DC speed-regulated motor The power of M, D 4 — D 7 , D W , C W in the figure form the rectification, voltage stabilization and filtering circuits of CZ4-CZ5. The field voltage of CZ4-CZ5 is directly provided by the battery E through the current limiting resistor R E ; The starting power of the DC speed-regulating motor is supplied by the battery E w and is controlled by the switch K w that is turned on and off; Di- Ds are isolated diodes (where the negative pole of D 3 can be disconnected from point B and changed to point B ') . The signals detected by the voltage test point A are simultaneously fed back to the built-in voltage adjustment circuit 101 and the motor speed control circuit 102, and respectively control the electronic switch K E and the variable resistor R w to adjust the built-in voltage and operating frequency of the variable motor. The purpose is to finally control the output current, output voltage and output power of the transformer.
决定变电机输出功率大小的是:旋转电容器的容量、建场电压和旋 转电容器的变换频率三个因素;其中旋转电容器的容量通常是给定的, 其它两个因素则是随机可变的,我们可以通过调整建场电压和变换频 率来改变或者稳定变电机的输出功率。  What determines the output power of a variable motor are three factors: the capacity of the rotating capacitor, the built-in voltage, and the conversion frequency of the rotating capacitor; the capacity of the rotating capacitor is usually given, and the other two factors are randomly variable. We The output power of the variable motor can be changed or stabilized by adjusting the field voltage and the conversion frequency.
试设旋转电容器的容量为 ΙΟΟμί,建场电压以 50V分档递增至 500V,施转电容器的变换频率以 100HZ分档递增至 1KHZ , 且按照 CV2 Xf=W (瓦特)的公式,计算得出的数据列于表 1 , Try to set the capacity of the rotating capacitor to 100 μL, the construction field voltage is increased to 500V in steps of 50V, the conversion frequency of the transfer capacitor is increased to 1KHZ in steps of 100HZ, and calculated according to the formula of C V 2 Xf = W (watt) The data are listed in Table 1.
表 2 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400· 450 500 Table 2 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
100 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225 1600 2025 2500100 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225 1600 2025 2500
200 50 . 200 450 800 1250 1800 2450 3200 4050 5000200 50. 200 450 800 1250 1800 2450 3200 4050 5000
300 75 300 625 1200 1875 2700 3675 4800 6075 7500300 75 300 625 1200 1875 2700 3675 4800 6075 7500
400 100 400 900 1600 2500 3600 4900 6400 8100 10000400 100 400 900 1600 2500 3600 4900 6400 8100 10000
500 125 500 1125 2000 3125 4500 6125 8000 10125 12500500 125 500 1125 2000 3125 4500 6125 8000 10125 12500
600 150 600 1350 2400 3750 5400 7350 9600 12150 15000600 150 600 1350 2400 3750 5400 7350 9600 12150 15000
700 175 700 1575 2800 4375 6300 8575 11200 14175 17500700 175 700 1575 2800 4375 6300 8575 11200 14175 17500
800 200 800 1800 3200 5000 7200 9800 12800 16200 20000800 200 800 1800 3200 5000 7200 9800 12800 16200 20000
900 225 900 2025 3600 5625 8100 11025 14400 18225 22500900 225 900 2025 3600 5625 8100 11025 14400 18225 22500
IK 250 1000 2250 4000 6250 9000 12250 16000 j 20250 25000 IK 250 1000 2250 4000 6250 9000 12250 16000 j 20250 25000
表中的数据显示变电机可以有极大的输出能力,极宽的调整范围, 极强的负载适应性。 The data in the table shows that the transformer can have great output capacity, extremely wide adjustment range, and strong load adaptability.
变电机输出的是交流电,由两根对应的动力线引出,两线交替输 出,各占周期输出时间的 50%。 当人体触及其中的一根动力线时一般 不会有触电危险。  The output of the transformer motor is alternating current, which is led by two corresponding power lines, which are alternately output, each accounting for 50% of the cycle output time. There is generally no danger of electric shock when the human body touches one of the power lines.
变电机的输出电压是两根动力线之间的电位差,是一个动态电压; 变电机的输出电流是相对恒定的,它是个 "恒流源 "。  The output voltage of the transformer is the potential difference between the two power lines and is a dynamic voltage. The output current of the transformer is relatively constant and it is a "constant current source".
变电机输出的基础波形是交变上升三角波,但它随负载的性质和 数值的不同而改变,只有当负载的性质和数值确定以后,波形才能最后 被确定。  The basic waveform output by the variable motor is an alternating rising triangle wave, but it changes with the nature and value of the load. Only when the nature and value of the load are determined can the waveform be finally determined.
变电机的输出特性决定了它一般不适合作交流电使用,而经过整 流滤波以后作为直流电输出,可能更有适应性。尤其是在集中供电的场 合,应当将它变换成直流电后再传送。  The output characteristics of a variable motor determine that it is generally not suitable for use with AC power, and it may be more adaptive as a DC power output after rectification filtering. Especially in the case of centralized power supply, it should be converted into DC power before being transmitted.
' 变电机的输出和负载之间存在一个匹配问题,而且不仅仅限于功 率的匹配,输出和负载之间的相位关系也是应当着重考虑的因素。  '' There is a matching problem between the output and load of the variable motor, and it is not limited to the matching of power. The phase relationship between the output and the load is also a factor that should be considered.
变电机的输出不怕短路,短路输出的电压等于零,而电流不等于 零,要想得到最大的输出功率,必须根据一个具体的变电机的输出数据 来设计负载,或者,根据负载的要求来选择变电机。当然,降功率使用则 不在其例。 The output of the transformer motor is not afraid of short circuits. The voltage of the short circuit output is equal to zero, and the current is not equal to zero. To obtain the maximum output power, it must be based on the output data of a specific transformer. To design the load, or to select a variable motor based on the requirements of the load. Of course, reduced power use is no exception.
变电机的输出不能开路,开路有可能导致介质击穿,从而造成毁坏 的后果。  The output of the transformer motor cannot be open circuit. Open circuit may cause dielectric breakdown and result in damage.
变电机与其说它适合 IS性负载,不如说它更适合感性和容性负载, 感性和容性负载更能够体现出变电机优异特性。  Instead of being suitable for IS loads, transformers are more suitable for inductive and capacitive loads. Inductive and capacitive loads can better reflect the excellent characteristics of transformers.
变电机可以作为直流电源集中供电,而它作为单台设备的独立电 源使用时,则能更好地发挥它的独特性能。  The transformer motor can be used as a DC power supply for centralized power supply, and when it is used as an independent power source for a single device, it can better exert its unique performance.
变电机相当于一个"电子加速器",它的输出是 "强制性"的,我们可 以利用它的这一特征来冲破某些"禁带",从而取得意想不到的效果;比 如用它去独立驱动一个电动机,就可能使这个电动机的转速、起动;转 矩等完 - 按照我们的意图随机改变。  The variable motor is equivalent to an "electronic accelerator", and its output is "mandatory". We can use this feature to break some "forbidden bands" and achieve unexpected results; for example, use it to drive independently With one motor, it is possible to make the motor's speed, start; torque, etc.-random change according to our intentions.
变电机作为通用直流电源时,它的 "并网 "十分方便;当用它作为设 备专用的直流电源,而又多台设备联网使用时,它有良好的"共地 生, 这在自动控制和微电子技术中是十分重要的。  When a transformer motor is used as a universal DC power supply, its "grid connection" is very convenient; when it is used as a dedicated DC power supply for equipment and multiple devices are connected to the network, it has a good "common ground". It is very important in microelectronic technology.
组成变电机的旋转电容的容量分布,可以被设计成某种函数分布 关系,以满足特殊的需要或取得特殊的效果。  The capacity distribution of the rotating capacitors that make up the transformer motor can be designed as a function distribution relationship to meet special needs or achieve special effects.
变电机的出现不可避免地要改变以往的电能使用模式,确定一套 变电机的制式是需要的,同样与之配套的众多新的电气产品的出现也 是必然的。  The emergence of variable motors will inevitably change the previous mode of electrical energy use. It is necessary to determine a set of variable motor standards, and the emergence of many new electrical products that are matched with it is also inevitable.
变电机可以被设计成各种形状,如筒形、球形、箍形、碟形等,同样 也可以采用多种结构形式。  Variable motors can be designed into various shapes, such as cylindrical, spherical, hoop, dish, etc., and they can also adopt a variety of structural forms.
如图 12(A)和图 12(B)所示为一种固体介质接触旋转型的变电机 结构示意图,该变电机包栝一对旋转电容器 CBO和 CBO',其中,旋转 电容器 CBO和 CBO'包括由带状导电体 1221 (可以分别用刚性、或者 柔性基质材料)组成的环形定组 122、由多个导电滾子 125组成的滾子 转组 121,以及设置在滾子转组 121 轴心的转轴 120。 上述带状导体 1221在沿其长度方向上设置交替排列的, 宽度均等的多个绝缘体区 域 1222和导电区域 1223,其数量分别与导电滾子 125 的数量成比例 关系,带状导体 1221上还设置一个输出端子 123。 滾子转组 121还包 括沿圆周方向设置的、用以可活动地安装上述导电滾子 125 的的滾子 转轴 127,导电滾子 125的外表面上复合一层固体介电材料 126。 当旋 转变电机的转轴 120时,导电滾子 125依次从带状导体 1221上的绝缘' 区域 1222和导电区域 1223上滾过,由此可以循环改变旋转电容器 C BO及 CBO'的电容量。设计时也可以通过调整滾子 125之间的弧距来 改变旋转电容器的输出线性。作为一种变换,上述介电材料 126也可以 复合在带状导体 1221上, 该变电机的基本工作原理与前述变电机的 原理是一样的。 工业应用性 Figures 12 (A) and 12 (B) show the structural diagram of a solid medium contact rotary transformer. The transformer includes a pair of rotating capacitors CBO and CBO '. Among them, the rotating capacitors CBO and CBO' It includes a ring-shaped fixed group 122 composed of a belt-shaped conductor 1221 (either rigid or flexible substrate materials can be used respectively), a roller rotation group 121 composed of a plurality of conductive rollers 125, and an axis centered on the roller rotation group 121的 轴 Axis 120. The above-mentioned strip conductors 1221 are provided with a plurality of insulator regions 1222 and conductive regions 1223 of equal width alternately arranged along the length direction thereof, and the number thereof is proportional to the number of the conductive rollers 125, and the strip conductor 1221 is also provided. One output terminal 123. Roller turn group 121 also included It includes a roller shaft 12 7 provided in a circumferential direction for movably mounting the conductive roller 125. The outer surface of the conductive roller 125 is compounded with a layer of solid dielectric material 126. When the rotating shaft 120 of the transformer motor is rotated, the conductive roller 125 rolls over the insulating region 1222 and the conductive region 1223 on the strip conductor 1221 in order, so that the capacitances of the rotating capacitors C BO and CBO 'can be cyclically changed. The design can also change the linearity of the output of the rotating capacitor by adjusting the arc distance between the rollers 125. As a variant, the above-mentioned dielectric material 126 may also be compounded on the strip conductor 1221, and the basic working principle of the transformer is the same as the principle of the transformer. Industrial applicability
变电机是应用电场力和交变电场的原理设计的,它是利用势能作 功的一个例子;电感器和电容器是电学里的两个储能元件,向来我们已 用了其中的一个(电感器)作出了电能发生器即发电机;变电机是用其 中的另一个(电容器)作电能发生器的一种尝试,这是一个新课题,要全 面地认识、利用它,还有待于长期的探索和努力。  Variable motors are designed using the principles of electric field force and alternating electric field. It is an example of using potential energy to do work; inductors and capacitors are two energy storage elements in electricity. We have used one of them (inductor ) Has made an electric energy generator, that is, a generator; a transformer motor is an attempt to use the other one (capacitor) as an electric energy generator. This is a new topic. To fully understand and use it, it still requires long-term exploration And hard work.

Claims

权 利 要 求 Rights request
1. 一种用以向负载提供电能的电能发生方法,其特征在于包括如 下步骤:  1. An electrical energy generation method for providing electrical energy to a load, comprising the following steps:
利用一电源向分别连接于负载两端的至少一对电容器进行充电, 使所述电容器上形成建场电压,所述一对电容器有至少一个为可变电 容器;  Using a power source to charge at least a pair of capacitors respectively connected to both ends of the load, so that a field voltage is formed on the capacitors, and at least one of the pair of capacitors is a variable capacitor;
中断所述电源向所述一对电容器进行的充电,改变所述可变电容 器的电容量,使所述一对电容器上的电压交替地得到提升和下降,从而 使所述一对.电容器上积累的电荷以交替的方向通过所述负载;  The charging of the pair of capacitors by the power supply is interrupted, and the capacitance of the variable capacitor is changed, so that the voltage on the pair of capacitors is alternately raised and lowered, thereby accumulating on the pair of capacitors. Of charge through the load in alternating directions;
通过一建场电压调整电路检测所述建场电压,且当所述建场电压 低于一预定值时,控制所述电源恢复向所述电容器的充电。  The built-in field voltage is detected by a built-in field voltage adjustment circuit, and when the built-in field voltage is lower than a predetermined value, the power source is controlled to resume charging the capacitor.
2. 如权利要求 1所述的电能发生方法,其特征在于进一步包括通 过在所述电源上跨接至少一个可变电容器,以提高用以向所述电容器 进行充电的电压的步骤。  2. The method for generating electric energy according to claim 1, further comprising the step of increasing the voltage used to charge said capacitor by connecting at least one variable capacitor across said power source.
3. 如权利要求 1或 2所述的电能发生方法,其特征在于所述可变 电容器为旋转电容器,所述旋转电容器包括至少一组固定导电体和至 少一组活动导电体,设置在所述固定导电'体与活动导电体之间的介电 材料,以及连接所述活动导电体的旋转轴。  3. The method for generating electric energy according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the variable capacitor is a rotary capacitor, and the rotary capacitor comprises at least one group of fixed electrical conductors and at least one group of movable electrical conductors, and is disposed in the A dielectric material between the fixed conductive body and the movable conductive body, and a rotating shaft connecting the movable conductive body.
4. 如杈利要求 3所述的电能发生方法,其特征在于利用电动机或 燃气轮机或水轮机驱动所述旋转电容器。  4. The method for generating electric energy according to claim 3, wherein the rotary capacitor is driven by a motor, a gas turbine, or a water turbine.
5. 如权种要求 4所述的电能发生方法,其特征在于通过一电动机 转速控制电路控制所述电动机的运转速度。  5. The method of generating electric energy according to claim 4, characterized in that the speed of the motor is controlled by a motor speed control circuit.
6. 如杈利要求 4所述的电能发生方法,其特征在于通过由另一对 电容器和直流稳压电路组成的电源电路,向所述电动机供电,所述另一 对电容器由所述电源充电形成所述建场电压,且所述另一对电容器的 至少一个为可变电容器。  6. The method of generating electric energy according to claim 4, characterized in that power is supplied to the motor through a power supply circuit composed of another pair of capacitors and a DC voltage stabilization circuit, and the other pair of capacitors are charged by the power source. The built-up field voltage is formed, and at least one of the another pair of capacitors is a variable capacitor.
7. 一种电能发生器,其特征在于包括至少一对电容器,一直流电源 以及第一隔离二极管,所述一对电容器的每个电容器的一端相互连接 形成共地端, 另一端用以分别连接到负载的两端, 所述直流电源与所 述第一隔离二极管串联连接后跨接在所述一对电容器之一的两端,且 所述一对电容器的至少一个为可变电容器,所述可变电容器包括至少 一组固定导电体和至少一组活动导电体,设置在所述固定导电体与活 动导电体之间的介电材 ¼,以及连接所述活动导电体的旋转轴。 7. An electric energy generator, comprising at least one pair of capacitors, a DC power source and a first isolation diode, one end of each capacitor of the pair of capacitors is connected to each other to form a common ground terminal, and the other end is used to be connected separately To both ends of the load, the DC power supply and all The first isolation diode is connected in series across two ends of one of the pair of capacitors, and at least one of the pair of capacitors is a variable capacitor. The variable capacitor includes at least one set of fixed conductors and at least one A set of movable electrical conductors, a dielectric material ¼ provided between the fixed electrical conductor and the movable electrical conductor, and a rotating shaft connected to the movable electrical conductor.
8. 如权利要求 7所述的电能发生器,其特征在于所述一对电容器 为一对真有相同容量的第一可变电容器和第二可变电容器,所述第一 和第二可变电容器的活动导电体由所述旋转轴同轴安装并形成所述的 共地端,且所述第一和第二可变电容器的动态容量之和设置等于其中 单个可变电容器的满容量。  8. The electric energy generator according to claim 7, wherein the pair of capacitors are a pair of first variable capacitors and second variable capacitors which have the same capacity, and the first and second variable capacitors The movable conductive body is coaxially installed by the rotating shaft and forms the common ground end, and the sum of the dynamic capacities of the first and second variable capacitors is set equal to the full capacity of a single variable capacitor therein.
9. 如权利要求 8所述的电能发生器,其特征在于进一步包括串接 在所述直流电源与第一隔离二极管之间的第二隔离二极管和电子开 关,跨接在第一隔离二极管和第二隔离二极管的连接接点与所述共地 端之间的第三可变电容器,以及连接在第一隔离二极管与所述第一或 第二可变电容器的连接接点上, 用以控制所述电子开关动作的建场电 压调整电路,所述第三可变电容器包括与所述第一和第二可变电容器 的活动导电体同轴安装的至少一组活动导电体。  9. The electric power generator according to claim 8, further comprising a second isolation diode and an electronic switch connected in series between the DC power source and the first isolation diode, connected across the first isolation diode and the first isolation diode. A third variable capacitor between a connection point of two isolation diodes and the common ground terminal, and a connection point connected between the first isolation diode and the first or second variable capacitor to control the electronics The switching field-operated voltage adjustment circuit, the third variable capacitor includes at least one group of movable conductors coaxially mounted with the movable conductors of the first and second variable capacitors.
10. 如权利要求 8或 9所述的电能发生器,其特征在于所述旋转轴 由电动机或燃气轮机或水轮机驱动。  10. The electric power generator according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the rotating shaft is driven by an electric motor or a gas turbine or a water turbine.
11. 如权利要求 9所述的电能发生器,其特征在于所述旋转轴由直 流电动机驱动。 .  11. The electric power generator according to claim 9, wherein the rotary shaft is driven by a DC motor. .
12. 如权利要求 11所述的电能发生器,其特征在于进一步包括用 以向所述直流电动机供电的驱动电源,所述驱动电源包括一对具有相 同容量的第四可变电容器和第五可变电容器,桥式整流电路,滤波电容 器,稳压二极管以及电动机起动电源,其中,第四可变电容器和第五可 变电容器包括同轴安装在所述旋转轴上的至少一组活动导电体以及至 少一组固定导电体;所述桥式整流电路的输入端跨接在第四可变电容 器的固定导电体与第五可变电容器的固定导电体之间,所述滤波电容 器,稳压二极管和电动机起动电源并联跨接在所述桥式整流电路的输 出端,所述直流电动机经由一开关跨接在所述桥式整流电路的输出端, 所述直流电源经由一限流电阻和第三隔离二极管连接到所述第四可变 电容器或第五可变电容器的固定导电体。 12. The electric power generator according to claim 11, further comprising a driving power source for supplying power to the DC motor, the driving power source including a pair of a fourth variable capacitor and a fifth variable capacitor having the same capacity. A variable capacitor, a bridge rectifier circuit, a filter capacitor, a zener diode, and a motor starting power source, wherein the fourth variable capacitor and the fifth variable capacitor include at least one set of movable electrical conductors coaxially mounted on the rotating shaft, and At least one set of fixed conductors; the input end of the bridge rectifier circuit is bridged between the fixed conductor of the fourth variable capacitor and the fixed conductor of the fifth variable capacitor, the filter capacitor, the zener diode, and The motor starting power supply is connected in parallel across the output end of the bridge rectifier circuit, the DC motor is connected across the output end of the bridge rectification circuit via a switch, and the DC power supply is connected to a third isolation via a current limiting resistor Diode connected to the fourth variable A fixed conductor of the capacitor or the fifth variable capacitor.
13. 如权利要求 11所述的电能发生器, 其特征在于进一步包括用 以向所述直流电动机供电的驱动电源, 所述驱动电源包括一对具有相 同容量的第四可变电容器和第五可变电容器, 桥式整流电路,滤波电 容器,稳压二极管以及'电动机起动电源,其中, 第四可变电容器和第五 可变电容器包括同轴安装在所述旋转轴上的至少一组活动导电体以及 至少一组固定导电体,所述桥式整流电路的输入端跨接在第四可变电 容器的固定导电体与第五可变电容器的固定导电体之间,所述滤波电 容器、稳压二极管和电动机起动电源并联跨接在所述桥式整流电路的 输出端,所述直流电动机经由一开关跨接在所述桥式整流电路的输出 端,所述直流电源经由一限流电阻和第三隔离二极管并经由所述桥式 整流电路的负向输出端连接到所述第四和第五可变电容器的固定导电 体。  13. The electric power generator according to claim 11, further comprising a driving power source for supplying power to the DC motor, wherein the driving power source includes a pair of a fourth variable capacitor and a fifth variable capacitor having the same capacity. A variable capacitor, a bridge rectifier circuit, a filter capacitor, a zener diode, and a 'motor starting power source', wherein the fourth variable capacitor and the fifth variable capacitor include at least one group of movable conductors coaxially mounted on the rotating shaft And at least one set of fixed conductors, the input end of the bridge rectifier circuit is bridged between the fixed conductor of the fourth variable capacitor and the fixed conductor of the fifth variable capacitor, and the filter capacitor and the Zener diode It is connected in parallel with the motor starting power supply at the output end of the bridge rectifier circuit. The DC motor is connected at the output end of the bridge rectifier circuit via a switch. The DC power supply is connected via a current limiting resistor and Isolated diode and connected to the fixed conduction of the fourth and fifth variable capacitors via the negative output terminal of the bridge rectifier circuit Body.
14. 如权利要求 12或 13所述的电能发生器,其特征在于所述直流 电动机为直流调速电动机,所述电能发生器进一步包括与所述直流调 速电动机串联连接的可变电阻,以及连接在第一隔离二极管与所述第 一或第二可变电容器的连接接点上、用以调节所述可变电咀器咀值的 电动机转速控制电路。  14. The electric energy generator according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the DC motor is a DC speed-regulating motor, and the energy generator further comprises a variable resistor connected in series with the DC speed-regulating motor, and A motor speed control circuit connected to a connection point between a first isolation diode and the first or second variable capacitor and used to adjust the value of the variable nozzle.
15. 如权利要求 7或 8所述的电能发生器,其特征在于,所述固定 导电体和活动导电体由交替平行设置的片状导电体组成。  15. The electric power generator according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the fixed conductor and the movable conductor are composed of sheet-shaped conductors arranged alternately and in parallel.
16. 如权利要求 7或 8所述的电能发生器,其特征在于, 所述固定 导电体由环形带状导电体组成,所述带状导电体在沿其长度方向上设 置交替排列的,宽度均等的多个绝缘体区域和导电区域;所述活动导电 体包括与所述绝缘体区域或导电区域数量成比例的圆柱形导电体。 16. The electric energy generator according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the fixed conductor is composed of a ring-shaped belt-shaped conductor, and the belt-shaped conductors are arranged alternately along the length direction, and the width A plurality of equal insulator regions and conductive regions; the movable conductor includes a cylindrical conductor proportional to the number of the insulator regions or conductive regions.
17. 如权利要求 16所述的电能发生器,其特征在于, 所述介电材 料设置在所述圆柱形导电体的外表面上。 17. The electric power generator according to claim 16, wherein the dielectric material is disposed on an outer surface of the cylindrical conductive body.
18. 如权利要求 16所述的电能发生器,其特征在于, 所述介 '电材 料设置在所述带状导电体的表面上。  18. The electric power generator according to claim 16, wherein the dielectric material is disposed on a surface of the band-shaped conductor.
19. 如权利要求 7或 8所述的电能发生器,其特征在于,所述介电 材料为气体、 液体和 /或固体。  The electric energy generator according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the dielectric material is a gas, a liquid, and / or a solid.
PCT/CN1994/000076 1993-10-14 1994-10-05 Electric energy generating method and electric energy generator for carrying out this method WO1995010878A1 (en)

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