Abstract
Key message
In Tachigali vulgaris planting, the 3.0 × 3.0 m spacing reduced variability in wood properties and increased the proportion of medium-density wood, while forking increased the proportion of low-density wood.
Abstract
Promising Amazonia species for forest energy crops require further investigation into how silviculture affects wood quality. This study sought to investigate how planting spacing and stem type (forked and non-forked) affect the basic wood density, X-ray density, and heartwood development of Tachigali vulgaris in a homogeneous plantation in Amazonia. The experiment was established with initial planting spacings of 3.0 × 1.5 m, 3.0 × 2.0 m, 3.0 × 2.5 m, 3.0 × 3.0 m, 3.0 × 3.5 m, and 3.0 × 4.0 m. 102-month-old trees were harvested for the work. Disks sampled along the stem height were tested for wood basic density and density measured by X-ray densitometry (air-dry density by growth ring) analyses. Disks obtained at the 1.3 m height were photographed and submitted to image manipulation for heartwood/sapwood analysis. The lowest average wood density was 0.512 g cm−3 in the 3.0 × 1.5 m spacing, and the highest was 0.538 g cm−3 in the 3.0 × 4.0 m spacing. Among non-forked trees, 66% had medium-density (≥ 0.500 g cm−3) and 34% low-density (< 0.500 g cm−3) wood. In contrast, forked trees had only 55% of trees with medium-density wood. The X-ray density profiles reduced from 0.713 to 0.582 g cm−3 in the increasing longitudinal direction and from 0.393 to 0.973 g cm−3 in the radial direction. Forking did not influence the heartwood proportion (60.03–61.54%). The 3.0 × 3.0 m spacing favored the wood quality concerning density class and variability, while the widest spacings improved heartwood formation. The forking increases the chances of low-density wood and its variations along the stem. Thus, future genetic studies should focus on this phenomenon to increase the productivity of Tachigali vulgaris energy forests.
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Data availability
Datasets that support the conclusions are included in the manuscript. In addition, the datasets analyzed in this research are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; process no. 306793/2019-9), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Education (CAPES; funding codes 001, no. 88887.512868/2020-00, and Edital Procad Amazônia 2018—process no. 88881.199859/2018-01), Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, and Grupo Jari Celulose S.A, for funding the execution of this study.
Funding
This study received financial support for the logistics activities of collecting and transporting material from the Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Embrapa Eastern Amazonia, Jari Celulose S.A, and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Edital Procad Amazônia 2018—process no. 88881.199859/2018–01). The author Larissa Gonçalves Moraes received research support from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; funding codes 001, no. 88887.512868/2020-00, and Procad Amazônia 2021—processes no. 88887.642042/2021-00 and no. 88887.597095/2021-00).
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Moraes, L.G., Lima, M.D.R., Assis-Pereira, G. et al. Forking and planting spacing impacts on wood density, X-ray density, and heartwood proportion of Tachigali vulgaris. Trees 37, 1567–1581 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02443-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02443-z