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ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DEI LINCEI MONUMENTI ANTICHI SERIE MISCELLANEA - VOLUME XXVIII (LXXXIII DELLA SERIE GENERALE) FALERII VETERES IL SEPOLCRETO DI MONTARANO SCAVI, MATERIALI E CONTESTI di GIOVANNI LIGABUE * TESTO GIORGIO BRETSCHNEIDER EDITORE ROMA 2022 COMITATO DI REDAZIONE DEI MONUMENTI ANTICHI «SERIE MISCELLANEA» PAOLO SOMMELLA (Presidente) GIOVANNI COLONNA FRANCESCO D’ANDRIA DIETER MERTENS PAOLA PELAGATTI Volume pubblicato con il contributo di FONDAZIONE SORGENTE GROUP Il volume è stato oggetto di peer review a doppio cieco ISSN 0391-8084 ISBN 978-88-7689-337-7 © Copyright by Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei – Roma 2022 È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, non autorizzata, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, compresa la fotocopia, anche a uso interno o didattico. L’illecito sarà penalmente perseguibile a norma dell’art. 171 della Legge n. 633 del 22.04.1941. INDICE Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pag. Prefazione (E. La Rocca) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » XI Premessa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » XIX Sigle, abbreviazioni bibliografiche e posizioni archivistiche » XXIII Introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 1 I.1 - I filoni archivistici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 6 I.2 - Gli atti amministrativi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.2.1 - La documentazione di scavo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.2.2 - I documenti d’acquisto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » 6 7 7 I.3 - La storia delle indagini a Falerii Veteres (1886-1890) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 12 I.4 - La storia museale dei corredi di Falerii Veteres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 22 . . . . » » » » 22 23 28 34 I.5 - I registri e i sistemi di catalogazione dei corredi di Falerii Veteres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 39 I.5.1 - Il Catalogo Pasqui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 40 I.5.2 - I sistemi di numerazione dei corredi . . . . . . . . La numerazione del Catalogo Pasqui (1889) . . . . . La prima numerazione romana (1892) . . . . . . . La seconda numerazione romana (1894) . . . . . . La sequenza Pasqui-Stefani in numeri arabi (1901) . . . . . . » » » » » 42 42 42 42 45 I.5.3 - Gli inventari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 48 I.6 - Gli studi sulla necropoli di Falerii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.6.1 - Le schede e le descrizioni dei contesti e dei corredi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » 54 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX CAPITOLO I GLI SCAVI A FALERII VETERES, LA MUSEALIZZAZIONE DEI MATERIALI E GLI STUDI SULLA NECROPOLI I.4.1 - Il sistema museale romano e il Museo del Celio . . . I.4.2 - Il Museo di Villa Giulia: la formazione (1887-1889) I.4.3 - Il Museo di Villa Giulia: i primi anni (1889-1894) . I.4.4 - Il Museo di Villa Giulia: gli anni bui (1894-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI MONUMENTI ANTICHI - SERIE MISCELLANEA Schede di Cozza . . . . Descrizioni di Barnabei Descrizioni di Pasqui . Elenchi di Stefani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pag. » » » 55 55 55 56 I.6.2 - I rilievi delle tombe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizzi presenti nelle schede di Cozza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizzi planimetrici di Cozza realizzati a matita su cartoncino . . . . . . . . Schizzi planimetrici di Pasqui realizzati a china su carta velina . . . . . . . Tavole in scala destinate alla pubblicazione, realizzate a china su cartoncino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » » » 56 56 56 56 56 I.6.3 - I disegni dei materiali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disegni di Montelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disegni di Pasqui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » 57 57 57 I.6.4 - Le piante generali del sepolcreto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 57 II.1 - Introduzione al catalogo dei materiali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 59 II.2 - Catalogo dei materiali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 61 II.3 - Introduzione alla tipologia dei materiali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 396 II.4 - Commento tipologico dei materiali . . . . . II.4.1 - Vasellame fittile . . . . . . . . . . . . II.4.2 - Vasellame metallico . . . . . . . . . . II.4.3 - Ornamentum ed elementi del vestiario II.4.4 - Armi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II.4.5 - Elementi del carro e di bardatura . . II.4.6 - Instrumentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » » » » » 398 398 456 461 490 492 493 III.1 - La cronologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 503 III.2 - Le strutture funerarie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 508 III.3 - Commento dei contesti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 512 IV.1 - La revisione archivistica e l’attendibilità dei contesti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 569 IV.1.1 - La sentenza della Commissione d’inchiesta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 569 CAPITOLO II MATERIALI DEL SEPOLCRETO DI MONTARANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAPITOLO III CONTESTI DEL SEPOLCRETO DI MONTARANO CAPITOLO IV RILEGGERE IL SEPOLCRETO DI MONTARANO VII FALERII VETERES, IL SEPOLCRETO DI MONTARANO IV.1.2 - La base documentaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV.1.3 - La composizione dei corredi al riscontro archivistico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pag. » 571 572 » 577 . . . . » » » » 577 577 579 580 IV.2.2 - Il vasellame metallico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 581 IV.2.3 - Ornamentum, armi e instrumentum . Gli ornamenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le armi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carri ed elementi di bardatura equina L’instrumentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » » » 582 582 583 583 584 IV.3 - Lo sviluppo del sepolcreto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 585 V.1 - Appendice archivistica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 591 V.1.1 - La documentazione di scavo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V.1.2 - I documenti d’acquisto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V.1.3 - Documenti vari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » » » 591 609 630 V.2 - Tabelle sinottiche della composizione dei corredi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 635 Indice per materie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 751 Indice onomastico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 759 Crediti fotografici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 761 IV.2 - Considerazioni sui materiali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV.2.1 - Il vasellame fittile L’impasto bruno . L’impasto rosso . . L’impasto dipinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICI INDICI Tavole di disegni Tavole fotografiche ABSTRACT This work is articulated on two levels: archival and archaeological, which are closely connected. The object of the research is the most ancient burial ground of Falerii Veteres (since a continuity of settlement is recognized in the area: VIII-VII century B.C.) which, although excavated at the end of the nineteenth century, has not yet been thoroughly analyzed. More than 1700 finds have been preserved, which form the catalog of 67 funerary contexts. Those objects are mostly preserved at the Museo dell’Agro Falisco of Civita Castellana, but also at the Museum of Villa Giulia and at the Pigorini Museum in Rome, at the National Museum of Florence and at the Civic Museum of Bologna. These tombs were studied between 1886 and 1891 by the DGAABBAA of the Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione as part of what was the first major archaeological enterprise of the newborn Italian State: a sort of “pilot excavation” in the years when Italian institutions were working on the legislation concerning the management and protection of the national cultural heritage. Such investigations were well received by the scientific community. The materials found at the site constituted the initial core of the Museum of Villa Giulia collection and were about to be published in the fifth volume of the series Monumenti Antichi dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei when the work of the Ministero was involved in one of the first scandals in the history of Italy, fueled by the the antiquities market and by leading exponents of foreign academies active in Italy. Doubts were raised concerning the correctness of correlation among the grave goods presented at Villa Giulia. A special commission was appointed by the ministry to investigate the matter and it succeeded putting the uncomfortable problem to rest. Precisely because of these premises, the work is preceded by a careful analysis of the available documentation, which over the years has merged into various archival collections. The volume opens with a reconstruction of the historical background and the events that led to the investigations and the acquisitions of the objects. This section is followed by an analysis of the materials and the funerary contexts, the latter examined in the light of the administrative acts of the Ministry. Synthesized in synoptic tables, the review of each single item through the collation of the preserved documents has allowed the archaeological analysis to be carried out on a basis as close to the truth as possible. This has allowed to better define the characteristics of the most ancient phases of Falerii and to highlight the chronological and cultural relations with the close territories (Etruscan, Capenate, Latium and Central-Italic).