Univ. Sci. 24 (1): 241-276, 2019.
doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC24-1.come
Bogotá
original article
Checklist of marine elasmobranchs of Colombia
Paola A. Mejía-Falla1, 2, *, Andrés Felipe Navia1
Edited by
Juan Carlos Salcedo-Reyes
(salcedo.juan@javeriana.edu.co)
1. Fundación colombiana para la
investigación y conservación de
tiburones y rayas, SQUALUS.
Calle 10A No. 72-35,
Cali, Colombia.
2 Wildlife Conservation Society.
Avenida 5 Norte No. 22N-11,
Cali, Colombia.
* pmejia@squalus.org
Received: 28-06-2018
Accepted: 24-01-2018
Published on line: 01-03-2019
Citation: Mejía-Falla PA, Navia AF.
Checklist of marine elasmobranchs of
Colombia, Universitas Scientiarum,
24 (1): 241-276, 2019.
doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC24-1.come
Funding:
N.A.
Electronic supplementary material:
N.A.
Abstract
A review and update to the shark and ray species recorded for the
marine waters of Colombia was carried out. A total of 206 species
had been recorded in the literature, of which 138 species (76 sharks
and 62 rays) could be confirmed from museum records, catches,
photographs, and videos. No evidence was found for 25 species,
but their distribution included neighboring countries, and they
were therefore classified as possible based on distribution. Thirtysix species were classified as improbable based on distribution and
seven more were considered as misidentifications. The inventory
of confirmed species includes 57 genera (30 shark and 27 batoid
genera) and 34 families (18 shark and 16 batoid families). There
was notably an addition of 26 confirmed species since 2007
as well as numerous modifications to group systematics and
taxonomy, especially for batoids. The total number of confirmed
elasmobranchs represented 12.1% of species known worldwide,
and could even reach 14.5%, indicating that Colombia has one
of the richest cartilaginous fish faunas in Latin America, behind
Mexico and Brazil. This demonstrates that although Colombia
cannot be considered an elasmobranch biodiversity hotspot
or site of elasmobranch endemism globally, it does have good
representativity of these species´ biodiversity at the regional level,
especially regarding amphi-American species.
Keywords: Biodiversity; sharks and batoids; species list; richness.
Introduction
Recent studies on shark and ray zoogeography in Colombia considered
that the number of recorded species was high compared with the extension
of the Colombian coasts, representing almost 15 % of worldwide richness
(Navia et al., 2016). Despite this high representativity, since the first mention
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242
Checklist of elasmobranchs
of sharks in fish checklists of Colombia (Posada, 1909), few detailed studies
have been carried out on the richness and distribution of these species in
Colombia (García, 2017).
Numerous studies reporting first records of species or expansions
of geographic range have been published in recent decades
(e.g. Acero P & Franke, 1995; Caldas et al., 2004; Acero et al., 2007;
Grijalba-Bendeck & Acevedo, 2009; Mejía-Falla & Navia, 2009;
Anguila et al., 2016 a,b; Acero et al., 2018), however, detailed listings of this
group are rather scarce. The first specific checklists of elasmobranchs in
Colombia were carried out by Mercado (1990), who included 61 species, and
Mantilla (1998), who included 127 species. The latter author also included
freshwater stingrays. Mejía-Falla et al. (2007), based on these checklists,
on bibliographic references, and on physical and visual evidence, found
that of 176 recorded species, only 121 could be considered confirmed for
marine and freshwater environments of Colombia. The last chondrichthyan
identification guide of Colombia included a total of 124 marine and
freshwater elasmobranch species (Mejía-Falla et al., 2011).
A subsequent listing (Álvarez-León et al., 2013) based only on bibliographic
compilation, and therefore lacking the evidence supports of the occurrence of
the species, reported a total of 204 species of sharks and batoids for Colombia.
This value greatly overestimates the elasmobranch richness of the country
and contributes to perpetuating errors in the Colombian chondrichthyan
biodiversity by including species as the great white shark (Carcharodon
carcharias), the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus), electric rays as
Discopyge tschudii and Narcine brasiliensis, and even sawfishes such as Pristis
microdon, among others.
Since the publications by Mejía-Falla et al. (2007, 2011), there have been
significant additions, and taxonomic and systematic modifications to this
group internationally (Naylor et al., 2012; Last et al., 2016a; Weigmann, 2016).
In particular, there have been changes to the classification of batoids and of
some amphi-American sharks into different families and genera, and even the
“resurrection” of families and species (Castro, 2011; Carvalho et al., 2016 a,b;
Last et al., 2016 b,c; White & Naylor, 2016; White & Last, 2016 a,b,c). There
have also been increases to the richness (Acero-P et al., 2016) and to the
distribution of sharks and rays in Colombia (Navia et al., 2016; García, 2017),
leading to current listings being out of date in terms of their composition
locally (Mejía-Falla et al., 2007, 2011) and globally (Last et al., 2016 a;
Weigmann, 2016), even more so regarding their taxonomic classification
and systematics.
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243
The objective of the present study was to contribute to the update and
consolidation of the marine cartilaginous fish checklist of Colombia, based
on supporting evidence that would allow to confirm, question, or reject
the presence of each analyzed species. Along with the updated checklist,
annotations to modify the original lists were included as well as comments
for species that present taxonomic or systematics problems.
Materials and methods
Construction and homogenization of cartilaginous fish databases
Based on checklists by Mejía-Falla et al. (2007, 2011) a baseline list of marine
elasmobranch species of Colombia was created, to which newly available
records were added (e.g. Gámez-Barrera et al., 2012; Acero-P et al., 2016, 2018;
Anguila et al., 2016 a,b; García, 2017). Considering that the sole mention of
a species in a document did not guarantee the presence of that species in the
study area, a confirmation process for the presence of each species recorded
in the initial list was performed. For this verification, the following activities
were carried out:
1) A search of records of species in national and international
ichthyological collections. Web pages were consulted, with an emphasis
on spatial location data where each species was collected in order to
validate its presence within the marine limits established for Colombian
Pacific and Caribbean waters. For this study, it was assumed that a
correct identification process had been undertaken for each of the
recorded specimens in the ichthyological collections. However, when a
species presented a record for Colombia but its natural distribution
does not correspond to or close to Colombian waters, that record was
considered a potential identification error.
2) The following national collections were consulted: INV-PEC: Marine
Natural History Museum of Colombia (INVEMAR, Santa Marta),
ICN-MHN: Natural Science Institute, Natural History Museum
(Bogotá), IAvH: Ichthyological Collection of the Alexander von
Humboldt Institute (Tunja), CIUA: Fish collection of the Universidad
de Antioquia (Medellín), CICH-CHbCH: Hydrobiological Collection
of Chocó, Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó (Quibdó), PNNG:
Reference Marine Biological Collection of the Biological Station “Henry
von Prahl” of the Gorgona Natural National Park (Gorgona Island),
UNSSA: Universidad Nacional de Colombia in San Andrés (San Andrés).
All the collections consulted, except UNSSA, are included in the
National Registry of Biological Collections. Although the reference
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244
Checklist of elasmobranchs
collection of the Universidad del Valle (CIRUV) was taken into account
for a previous checklist (Mejía-Falla et al. 2007), it could not be included
in the present study by the curator’s request, as a revision of all
specimens was underway. However, this did not affect the results of the
present study, as all species previously confirmed in that collection were
also reported by other museums, or there were records of capture or
sightings.
The International collections reviewed were: AMNH: American Museum
of Natural History (Washington), CAS: California Academy of Sciences
(San Francisco), GCRL: Gulf Center Research Laboratory (Ocean Springs),
FLMNH: Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville), NRM:
Swedish Museum of Natural History (Sweden), USNM: Smithsonian
National Museum of Natural History (Washington), SIO: Scripps
Institution of Oceanography (San Diego, California), MNHN: Muséum
National D’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), MCZ: Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University (Cambridge), TCWC: Texas A&M University,
Cooperative Wildlife Collection (Texas), CMNFI: Canadian Museum
of Nature Fish Collection, FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History
(Zoology) Fish Collection (Chicago), SAIAB: The South African Institute for
Aquatic Biodiversity (South Africa), AfroBIS: Iziko South African Museum,
Shark Collection (South Africa).
Identification catalogues that included geolocation information in the species
records (Robertson & Allen 2015, Robertson et al., 2015) were also consulted,
as well as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the
Information System on Marine Biodiversity of Colombia (SIBM).
A search of capture records and in situ observations of individuals for different
locations in Colombian Pacific and Caribbean waters. For these records
several different information sources were consulted:
a) Documents related to checklists, updates or new records of fish species
for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean waters or for particular areas
within them, based on captures and/or visual observations, and for
which there were descriptions and photographs that could validate the
identification of the mentioned species.
b) Documents related to biological, ecological, and genetic studies of fish
species within Colombian Pacific and Caribbean waters that included
the diagnostic characteristics of the studied species and would therefore
validate the presence of the species in the area.
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Mejía-Falla & Navia 2019
245
c) Photographic catalog of the Squalus Foundation, created from
different projects carried out in Colombian Pacific and Caribbean waters,
which allowed to validate the identity of the species and to record
locations of capture or observation.
Reports of catches and visual observations were obtained from institutions
such as the Squalus Foundation (SF), Malpelo Foundation (MF), EAT-Fishing
consulting (EAT), Universidad del Valle (UV), and Marine and Coastal
Research Institute, INVEMAR (INV). Geolocated records that appeared
in “Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system”
(Record TEP) and “Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information
system” (Record SGC) were also included, as well as records in published
documents that included photographs of the specimens and allowed to
validate their identity. Based on evidence found (museums, catches, visual
observations, or literature records), the species cited in the present study
were grouped into three large categories: 1. Confirmed species: species
that appeared in A) national and/or international museum records, or B)
records of fisheries catches (catch) or in situ observations (visual record).
2. Unconfirmed species, possible based on distribution: Species that had been
mentioned in different scientific documents, for which there was no physical
evidence in any collection or geolocated visual confirmation. However,
the known species distribution included the marine waters of neighboring
countries, and therefore its presence in Colombian Pacific or Caribbean
waters could not be rejected. 3. Unconfirmed species, improbable based on
distribution: Species that, despite being included in marine fish checklists
of Colombia or in regional identification guides, had distribution areas that
did not encompass the study area, or even belonged to distant areas (e.g.
Atlantic Ocean, Indo-Pacific, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean), to antitropical
areas, or waters colder than those of the Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic,
which meant that their presence in Colombian Pacific or Caribbean waters
would be improbable. The appearance of these species could have resulted
from incorrect identifications or from being inadequately included based on
previous checklists that did not verify sources. For unconfirmed species, two
types of evidence were considered: C: regional or worldwide identification
guides, and D: national references.
Since the taxonomy and systematics of this group has changed significantly
over the past five years, it was necessary to update several orders, families,
genera, and species. To do this were used as reference documents by
Naylor et al. (2012), Carvalho et al. (2016 a,b), Last et al. (2016 a,b,c);
White & Naylor (2016), White & Last (2016 a,b,c), and Weigmann (2016).
This process allowed to present an updated checklist in terms of species
nomenclature, and to avoid the duplication of species that could correspond
to synonymies.
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Results
A total of 138 marine elasmobranchs were confirmed in this study,
76 sharks and 62 rays (Table 1), adding 26 species to the checklist by
Mejía-Falla et al. (2007). This number of confirmed species for Colombia
represents 12.1 % of the world’s total, as well as 30.5 % of genera, 58.6 %
of families, and 80.0 % of orders (Fig. 1). A total of 90 species (57 sharks
and 33 rays) were confirmed for the Colombian Caribbean and 67 species
(36 sharks and 31 rays; Table 1) were confirmed for the Colombian Pacific.
Consequently, the representation percentage of genera and families was
greater for the Caribbean than for the Pacific, whereas there were 11 orders
found in each region (Fig. 1).
Twenty-five species (13 sharks and 12 batoids) could not be confirmed
but were considered possible according to available records and the
known distribution of the species (Table 2), whereas 36 species (15 sharks
and 21 batoids) were catalogued as improbable due to their known
distribution (Table 3). Although seven species presented collection records
in locations within Colombia’s Economic Exclusive Zone, there was only
one record for each, or they were far from the known distribution of those
species; they were therefore assumed to be incorrect identifications (Table 4).
Figure 1. Numerical representation of the richness of orders, families,
genera and species of elasmobranchs from Colombian Caribbean and Pacific,
compared to the worldwide richness according to Weigmann (2016).
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Table 1. Species of confirmed elasmobranchs for the Colombian Pacific
(P) and Caribbean (C), with their corresponding category (A: recorded in
national and/or international museums; B: recorded in fisheries [catch] or
in situ observations [visual record]) and type of support (see methods for
details). Species added with respect to Mejía-Falla et al. (2007, 2011) are shaded
in light blue, and species that presented modification in their systematics
or taxonomy are shaded in light green. (*) specimens are presented in the
indicated collection but have not yet been assigned a catalog number. (**)
specimens correspond to holotypes.
No
Species
Category
Support
Area
Superorder Squalomorphii
Order Heterodontiformes
1
2
Family Heterodontidae
Heterodontus francisci
(Girard, 1855)
Heterodontus mexicanus
Taylor & Castro-Aguirre, 1972
B
A, B
Catch SF
P
PNNG 1250; SIO 80-202,
80-203; AfrOBIS, Record TEP;
Catch SF
P
Order Orectolobiformes
3
4
Family Ginglymostomatidae
Ginglymostoma cirratum
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
Ginglymostoma unami
del Moral-Flores et al., 2015
A, B
A, B
IAvH-P 71; Record SGC;
Visual record SF
CICH-CHbCH 00216;
Record TEP; Visual record FS;
Visual record MF
C
P
Family Rhincodontidae
5
Rhincodon typus
Smith, 1828
A, B
PNNG 1061; INV-PEC 88117;
Record TEP; Record SGC;
Visual record SF;
Visual record INV
P-C
Order Lamniformes
6
7
Family Alopiidae
Alopias pelagicus
Nakamura, 1935
Alopias superciliosus
(Lowe, 1839)
B
B
Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
Catch in Ospina (2001);
Visual record in
Nieto et al. (2003); Catch SF
P
P-C
Family Lamnidae
8
Isurus oxyrinchus
Rafinesque, 1810
B
9
Isurus paucus
Guitart Manday, 1966
B
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Visual record in
Ballesteros & Castro (2006);
Visual record SF
Visual record in
Gámez-Barrera et al. (2012)
P-C
C
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Family Mitsukurinidae
B
Visual record in
Grijalba-Bendeck & Acevedo
(2009)
B
Catch in
Anguila et al. (2016b);
Visual record SF
A
ICN-MHN 307
C
A, B
INV-PEC 92093, 88200;
PNNG 1016, 1261;
Record TEP; Visual record SF
P
Carcharhinus altimus
(Springer, 1950)
Carcharhinus brachyurus
15
(Günther, 1870)
A, B
SIO 62-205; Record TEP
Carcharhinus cerdale
16
Gilbert, 1898
A, B
Carcharhinus falciformis
(Müller & Henle, 1839)
Carcharhinus galapagensis
18
(Snodgrass & Heller, 1905)
A, B
Mitsukurina owstoni
10
Jordan, 1898
C
Family Odontaspididae
11
Odontaspis ferox
(Risso, 1810)
P-C
Order Carcharhiniformes
Family Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus acronotus
12
(Poey, 1860)
13
Carcharhinus albimarginatus
(Rüppell, 1837)
14
17
A
B
19
Carcharhinus leucas
(Valenciennes, 1839)
A, B
20
Carcharhinus limbatus
(Valenciennes, 1839)
A, B
21
Carcharhinus longimanus
(Poey, 1861)
A, B
Carcharhinus perezii
(Poey, 1876)
Carcharhinus porosus
23
(Ranzani, 1839)
22
24
Galeocerdo cuvier
(Péron & Lesueur, 1822)
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A, B
A, B
A, B
USNM 232768
FMNH 59346; CAS 56615;
USNM 206825, 221211, 221214,
221227, 221211; Record TEP;
Catch SF
INV-PEC 7147, 8202;
Record TEP; Visual record SF
Record TEP; Visual record SF
USNM 206995; CMNFI 19740095.1; Record TEP; Catch and
visual record SF
INV-PEC 88108, 91102, 88130,
92048, 91099, 89037, 91109;
PNNG 1264; Record TEP;
Record SGC; Catch and visual
record SF
USNM 221232; CAS 66823,
SAIAB 39375; MCZ 165837;
Record TEP; Record SGC;
Visual record SF
FLMNH 24416; Record SGC;
Visual record SF
INV-PEC 1732; CIUA 7, 3350;
Record SGC
INV-PEC 91008; PNNG 1257;
Record TEP; Record SGC;
Catch and visual record SF
P-C
P
P
P-C
P
P-C
P-C
P-C
C
C
P-C
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Nasolamia velox
(Gilbert, 1898)
A, B
Negaprion brevirostris
(Poey, 1868)
Prionace glauca
27
(Linnaeus, 1758)
B
25
26
A, B
28
Rhizoprionodon lalandii
(Valenciennes, 1839)
A, B
29
Rhizoprionodon longurio
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)
A, B
30
Rhizoprionodon porosus
(Poey, 1861)
A, B
31
Triaenodon obesus
(Rüppell, 1837)
A, B
USNM 206824; INV-PEC 93001,
90075, 87071, 90109;
PNNG 1266, 1269;
Record TEP
Record TEP; Record SGC;
Visual record SF
ICN-MHN-477;
Catch and visual record SF
INV-PEC 5211;
FLMNH 224380, 28004,
USNM 221373;
Record SGC
INV-PEC 88005, 90071,
90147, 90149, 91010, 91032;
PNNG 1265, 91032;
USNM 206823; Record TEP;
Catch SF
CIUA 9; FLMNH 28002,
USNM 221208, 221242;
Record SGC
INV-PEC 87047, 87078;
PNNG 1018; Record TEP;
Visual record SF
P
P-C
P-C
C
P
C
P
Family Scyliorhinidae
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Apristurus canutus
Springer & Heemstra, 1979
Apristurus parvipinnis
Springer & Heemstra, 1979
Apristurus riveri
Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944
Cephalurus cephalus*
(Gilbert, 1892)
Galeus arae
(Nichols, 1927)
Galeus cadenati
Springer, 1966
Schroederichthys maculatus
Springer, 1966
Scyliorhinus boa
Goode & Bean, 1896
Scyliorhinus haeckelii
(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907)
Scyliorhinus hesperius
41
Springer, 1966
Scyliorhinus retifer
42
(Garman, 1881)
40
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A
USNM 221254
C
A
USNM 201906, 221499, 268106;
TCWC 33351.18
C
A
USNM 221534
C
A
INVPEC
C
A
USNM 402345
C
A
USNM 221368
C
A
USNM 221650
C
A
INV-PEC 4556, 2430;
FLMNH 222965, 224213, 27979;
USNM 221563, 221532
C
B
Record SGC
C
A
FLMNH 27980, 223244;
USNM 221654, 402344
C
B
Record SGC
C
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43
Checklist of elasmobranchs
Scyliorhinus torrei
Howell Rivero, 1936
A
USNM 221560
C
Family Sphyrnidae
44
Sphyrna corona
Springer, 1940
A, B
45
Sphyrna lewini
(Griffith & Smith, 1834)
A, B
Sphyrna media
Springer, 1940
Sphyrna mokarran
47
(Rüppell, 1837)
46
B
B
USNM 206819, 206987,
222044, 222055; Record TEP;
Catch SF
CICH-CHbCH 217;
NRM 13052, Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF;
Record TEP; Visual record SF
P
P-C
P-C
P-C
Sphyrna tiburo
(Linnaeus, 1758)
A, B
INV-PEC 3668, 6151; IAvH-P 64;
USNM 222050, 222051, 222035,
P-C
94754; Catch and visual record SF
Sphyrna tudes
(Valenciennes, 1822)
Sphyrna zygaena
50
(Linnaeus, 1758)
A, B
INV-PEC 7058; Record SGC
C
B
Record TEP
P
A
UNSSA *
C
B
Record TEP
P
INV-PEC 90121, 90129, 91067,
90113, 92200, 91070, 90138,
92040, 91128, 91078, 91071,
91022, 92042; PNNG 681, 682,
704, 713, 988, 1005, 1034, 1040,
1071, 1080, 1249, 1253, 1383;
Record TEP; Catch SF
P
FLMNH 28000
C
INV-PEC 92029, 90123, 91096,
92047; PNNG 963, 1259, 1270,
1275; USNM 206820, 206821,
206822; Record TEP; Catch SF
P
A
USNM 207962, 208016
C
A
FLMNH 101345; USNM 201920
C
UNSSA *,
Catch in Anguila et al. (2016a)
C
48
49
Family Triakidae
Mustelus canis
(Mitchill, 1815)
Mustelus dorsalis
52
Gill, 1864
51
53
Mustelus henlei
(Gill, 1863)
54
Mustelus higmani
Springer & Lowe, 1963
A
Mustelus lunulatus
Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
A, B
55
Mustelus minicanis
Heemstra, 1997
Mustelus norrisi
57
Springer, 1939
56
A, B
Order Hexanchiformes
Family Hexanchidae
58
Heptranchias perlo
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
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Hexanchus griseus
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
Hexanchus nakamurai
60
Teng, 1962
59
61
Notorynchus cepedianus
(Péron, 1807)
251
B
Catch in Anguila et al. (2016b)
A
UNSSA *
C
INV-PEC 90151, 88075;
PNNG 1262, 1263;
AfrOBIS; Record TEP
P
B
Catch Anguila et al. (2016b)
C
A
INV-PEC 2281; USNM 205781
C
A, B
P-C
Order Echinorhiniformes
Family Echinorhinidae
62
Echinorhinus brucus
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
Order Squaliformes
Family Centrophoridae
63
Centrophorus granulosus
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Family Etmopteridae
Visual record in
Rubio et al. (2005)
USNM 220229;
AfrOBIS-SAMSSHARKS-003686
USNM 206090 **, 206091, 206092;
FLMNH 40691
C
A
FLMNH 27977
C
64
Centroscyllium nigrum
Garman, 1899
B
65
Etmopterus bullisi
Bigelow & Schroeder, 1957
A
P
Etmopterus carteri
Springer & Burgess, 1985
Etmopterus gracilispinis
67
Krefft, 1968
Etmopterus hillianus
68
(Poey, 1861)
A
A
TCWC 7360.06
C
Etmopterus perryi
69
Springer & Burgess, 1985
A
INV-PEC 2435-37,
USNM 206093 **, 206094, 206095,
202620, 206221;
FLMNH 27973, 40692, 40693
C
Etmopterus robinsi
Schofield & Burgess, 1997
A
FLMNH 27960
C
Etmopterus schultzi
71 Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer,
1953
A
Etmopterus virens
72 Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer,
1953
A
66
70
INV-PEC 2438-43, 8266, 8267;
FLMNH 27975, 27978;
USNM 220394, 220425, 220443,
268110, 268113;
TCWC 6511.02, 3789.14
FLMNH 27974, 27976;
USNM 220450, 220448, 220454,
220474, 220484
C
C
C
Family Somniosidae
73
Somniosus sp.
Lesueur, 1818
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A
Visual record in
Acero-P et al., 2018
C
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Family Squalidae
A
INV-PEC 717, 2356;
USNM 220584, 220603
C
A, B
PNNG 1256; Catch SF
P
A
INV-PEC 8250, 8252, 2186,
3988, 4117
C
Diplobatis colombiensis
Fechhelm & McEachran, 1984
A
USNM 232494**, 232929, 226773
C
2
Diplobatis guamachensis
Martin-Salazar, 1957
A
INV-PEC 1934, 4435,
4434, 3928, 3929, 4106,
6233, 6234, 6235;
FLMNH 29870, 29871, 29872,
29876, 29880, 29888, 29889,
29890, 29891, 110043
C
3
Diplobatis ommata
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1890)
B
Record TEP
P
4
Diplobatis picta
Palmer, 1950
A
5
Narcine bancroftii
(Griffith & Smith, 1834)
A, B
6
Narcine entemedor
Jordan & Starks, 1895
A, B
7
Narcine leoparda
Carvalho, 2001
A, B
8
Narcine vermiculata
Breder, 1928
74
Squalus cubensis
Howell Rivero, 1936
Order Squatiniformes
Family Squatinidae
Squatina armata
(Philippi, 1887)
Squatina david
76 Acero P., Tavera,
Anguila & Hernández, 2016
75
Superorder Batoidei
Order Torpediniformes
Family Narcinidae
1
9
Family Torpedinidae
Tetronarce nobiliana
(Bonaparte, 1835)
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USNM 222449; FLMNH 29869,
29871, 29878, 29877, 29879,
29891, 176815, 222289, 222337,
226509
INV-PEC 2124, 2224, 520103; ICN-MHN 1372; FLMNH
228854; USNM 00222463,
00222496; Visual record SF
INV-PEC 6778; CAS 58354;
USNM 206986, 206997,
222466; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
INV-PEC 6731; USNM 222198,
222199, 222200, 222498,
222500, 235919; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
C
C
P
P
A
GCRL 5145
P
A
INV-PEC 2445; USNM 222488
C
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Tetronarce tremens
(de Buen, 1959)
Torpedo andersoni
11
Bullis, 1962
10
253
A
INV-PEC sin número
P
B
Visual record SF
C
Order Rhinopristiformes
Family Pristidae
Pristis pristis
12
(Linnaeus, 1758)
13
Pristis pectinata
Latham, 1794
B
B
Saw records in
Gómez-Rodríguez et al. (2014);
Record TEP; Catch and visual
record SF
Saw records in
Gómez-Rodríguez et al. (2014)
P-C
C
Family Rhinobatidae
14
Pseudobatos glaucostigma
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
B
Pseudobatos leucorhynchus
15
(Günther, 1866)
A, B
Pseudobatos percellens
(Walbaum, 1792)
A
16
Pseudobatos planiceps
(Garman, 1880)
Pseudobatos prahli
18
(Acero P. & Franke, 1995)
17
Record TEP
INV-PEC 4972;
USNM 206816, 206817, 206818;
Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
ICN-MHN 3769; INV-PEC 3963;
IAvH-P 131; FLMNH 37005;
USNM 222085, 222078
P
P
C
A, B
TCWC 12113.02; Record TEP
P
A, B
ICN-MHN 4049; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
P
A, B
PNNG 1258, 1260;
USNM 206992, 222091, 222100;
Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
P
C
C
Family Trygonorrhinidae
19
Zapteryx xyster
Jordan & Evermann, 1896
Order Rajiformes
Family Rajidae
20
Breviraja nigriventralis
McEachran & Matheson, 1985
A
INV-PEC 2451-53, 8274;
FLMNH 29854;
MCZ 164855, 51809, 51019;
TCWC 6511.26
21
Breviraja spinosa
Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950
A
TCWC 2807.01; MCZ 59234
22
Dactylobatus clarkii
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
A
23
Dipturus bullisi
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
A
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INV-PEC 2454-55, USNM
222213; MCZ 51069, 51810,
48999
INV-PEC 2456, 3277-78;
FLMNH 29860; MCZ 59236
C
C
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Dipturus garricki
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
Dipturus teevani
25
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
Rostroraja cervigoni
26
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1964)
Rostroraja equatorialis
27
(Jordan & Bollman, 1890)
24
28
Rostroraja velezi
(Chirichigno, 1973)
Rajella fuliginea
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1954)
Rajella nigerrima
30
(de Buen, 1960)
29
A
INV-PEC 2457,
FLMNH 123764
C
A
FLMNH 29856
C
A
A
A, B
INV-PEC 2184;
MCZ 51037, 51053
INV-PEC 4971, USNM 222220,
222215; TCWC 6531.01, 15483.01
INV-PEC 88033, 92094;
PNNG 1268; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
C
P
P
A
FLMNH 29858
C
A
TCWC 3885.01
P
A
TCWC 2572.01
C
Family Gurgesiellidae
Fenestraja plutonia
(Garman, 1881)
Fenestraja sinusmexicanus
32
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
31
33
Gurgesiella atlantica
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
A, B
A
TCWC 7360.23;
MCZ 51068; Record SGC
INV-PEC 1351, 2458-60, 8275,
8276; FLMNH 29859, 222933,
117467; USNM 222261, 222258;
TWCW 7360.22, 2735.01;
MCZ 51798, 51805, 164871
C
C
Family Anacanthobatidae
34
Schroederobatis americana
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
A
35
Springeria longirostris
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
A
INV-PEC 1350, 2447, 2446, 2448,
2449, 2450, 8273, 8268, 8269,
8270, 8271, 8272, 7913;
FLMNH 29855, 29857, 117468;
USNM 222143, 222146;
MCZ 164854, 51815, 51807,
49003, 48995, 48993;
TCWC 6511.27, 3353.05, 5682.01
TCWC 7360.20, 7374.04, 7374.03,
3789.18, 3789.25
C
C
Family Crurirajidae
Cruriraja poeyi
Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948
Cruriraja rugosa
37
Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958
36
A
FLMNH 123765
C
A
FLMNH 29851, 222752;
MCZ 164867
C
A
PEC1483; ICN-MHN 4003;
FLMNH 10861, Visual record SF
C
Order Myliobatiformes
Family Dasyatidae
38
Hypanus americanus
(Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928)
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Hypanus dipterurus
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)
Hypanus guttatus
40
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
39
41
Hypanus longus
(Garman, 1880)
42
Pteroplatytrygon violacea
(Bonaparte, 1832)
255
A, B
A
A, B
TCWC 13217.01; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
INV-PEC 1733, 2334, 5443;
IAVH-P 138; NRM 24275, 15806
INV-PEC 91068, 91095, 91110;
PNNG 1252, 1271;
USNM 206990; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
P
C
P
B
Catch and visual record SF
P
A
USNM 222595, 206993
P
B
Record TEP; Catch and visual
record SF
P
B
Record TEP; Visual record SF
P-C
A, B
INV-PEC 89004; PNNG 1271;
Record TEP
P
A, B
PNNG 1267; Record TEP
P
Family Gymnuridae
Gymnura crebripunctata
(Peters, 1869)
Gymnura marmorata
44
(Cooper, 1864)
43
Family Mobulidae
Mobula birostris
(Walbaum, 1792)
Mobula munkiana
46
Notarbatolo-di Sciara, 1987
Mobula thurstoni
47
(Lloyd, 1908)
45
Family Aetobatidae
48
Aetobatus laticeps
(Gill, 1865)
49
Aetobatus narinari
(Euphrasen, 1790)
B
A, B
Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
ICN-MHN 1339, 3779;
IAvH-P 132, 3067; Record SGC;
Visual record SF
P
C
Family Rhinopteridae
Rhinoptera bonasus
(Mitchill, 1815)
Rhinoptera brasiliensis
51
Müller, 1836
Rhinoptera steindachneri
52
Evermann & Jenkins, 1891
50
A
INV-PEC 1531; IAvH-P 125
C
A
INV-PEC 615
C
PNNG 1274; Record TEP;
Catch and visual record SF
P
A, B
Family Potamotrygonidae
Styracura pacifica
(Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
Styracura schmardae
54
(Werner, 1904)
53
B
A, B
Visual record in
Ross & Schäfer (2000)
INV-PEC 1734, IAvH-P 135;
Visual record SF
P
C
Family Urotrygonidae
55
Urobatis tumbesensis
(Chirichigno & McEachran, 1979)
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B
Visual record in
Mejía-Falla & Navia (2009)
P
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256
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Checklist of elasmobranchs
Urobatis halleri
(Cooper, 1863)
Urobatis jamaicensis
(Cuvier, 1816)
Urotrygon aspidura
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)
Urotrygon chilensis
(Günther, 1872)
Urotrygon munda
Gill, 1863
Urotrygon rogersi
(Jordan & Starks, 1895)
Urotrygon venezuelae
Schultz, 1949
B
A
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A
Record TEP; Visual record SF
INV-PEC 1482, 4037, 4124, 3792;
IAvH-P 101; GCRL15263
USNM 222705; CIUA 4749, 4752,
4754; Record TEP; Catch SF
USNM 222628, 222638;
Record TEP
USNM 206994; Record TEP
INV-PEC 6715; CIUA 4748,
4750; Record TEP; Catch SF
ICN-MHN 11099; AMNH 55623,
NRM 16282, GCRL 15264;
TCWC 7057.01, 7058.02
P
C
P
P
P
P
C
Table 2. List of elasmobranch species not confirmed, but possible by
distribution for the Colombian Pacific (P) or Caribbean (C). The type (C, D)
and reference of support are indicated (see methods for details). Species with
modifications in their systematics or taxonomy are shaded in light green.
No
Category
Support
type
Reference
Area
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Lamniformes
Family Alopiidae
1
Alopias vulpinus
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
P
C
Skomal et al., 2009
C
C
Compagno et al., 1995
P
C
Cervigón & Alcalá, 1999
C
Familia Cetorhinidae
2
Cetorhinus maximus
(Gunnerus, 1765)
Family Pseudocarchariidae
3
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
(Matsubara, 1936)
Order Carcharhiniformes
Family Carcharhinidae
4
Carcharhinus brevipinna
(Valenciennes, 1839)
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5
6
Carcharhinus obscurus
(Lesueur, 1818)
Carcharhinus plumbeus
(Nardo, 1827)
257
D
Martínez, 1978
C
D
Dahl, 1964
C
D
Rubio, 1987
P
D
Rubio, 1987
P
D
Rubio, 1987
P
D
Rubio, 1987
P
D
Fernández, 1975
P
D
García, 2017
C
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
C
D
Rubio, 1987
P
C
McEachran & Carvalho, 2002
C
D
Mejía-Falla et al., 2007
C
D
Álvarez & Barreto, 1975
C
Family Scyliorhinidae
7
Apristurus nasutus
de Buen, 1959
Family Triakidae
Mustelus mento
Cope, 1877
Mustelus whitneyi
9
Chirichigno F, 1973
Triakis acutipinna
10
Kato, 1968
8
Order Echinorhiniformes
Family Echinorhinidae
11
Echinorhinus cookei
Pietschmann, 1928
Order Squaliformes
Family Dalatidae
12
Isistius brasiliensis
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Family Oxynotidae
13
Oxynotus caribbaeus
Cervigón, 1961
Superorder Batoidei
Order Rajiformes
Family Arhynchobatidae
1
Bathyraja spinosissima
(Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
Family Rajidae
2
3
Dactylobatus armatus
Bean & Weed, 1909
Rajella purpuriventralis
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
Order Myliobatiformes
Family Gymnuridae
4
Gymnura altavela
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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258
5
Checklist of elasmobranchs
Gymnura micrura
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
D
Mejía-Falla et al., 2007
C
D
Dahl, 1958
C
Family Mobulidae
6
7
8
Mobula hypostoma
(Bancroft, 1831)
Mobula mobular
(Bonnaterre, 1788)
Mobula tarapacana
(Philippi, 1892)
C
C
McEachran & Notarbatolo-di
Sciara, 1995
McEachran & Notarbatolo-di
Sciara, 1995
P
P
Family Myliobatidae
Myliobatis goodei
Garman, 1885
Myliobatis longirostris
10
(Applegate & Fitch, 1964)
Aetomylaeus asperrimus
11
(Gilbert, 1898)
9
D
Mantilla, 1998
P
D
Chirichigno, 2001
P
D
Mantilla, 1998
P
C
McEachran & Notarbatolo-di
Sciara, 1995
P
Family Urotrygonidae
12
Urotrygon reticulata
Miyake & McEachran, 1988
Table 3. List of elasmobranch species cited in scientific documents
but without physical or visual support, and considered unlikely for the
Colombian Pacific (P) or Caribbean (C), given its known distribution. The
type (C, D) and the reference of support are indicated. Species that presented
modification in their systematics or taxonomy are shaded in light green.
No
Category
Support
type
Reference
Known distribution
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Lamniformes
Family Odontaspididae
1
Carcharias taurus
Rafinesque, 1810
Circumglobal in tropical
through warm temperate seas
(including Mediterranean Sea
and Red Sea), but not eastern
and central Pacific
D
Dahl, 1964
D
Nearly circumglobal, mostly in
Posada, 1909 cool to warm temperate seas
(including Mediterranean Sea)
Family Lamnidae
2
Carcharodon carcharias
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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259
Order
Carcharhiniformes
Family Carcharhinidae
3
Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus
(Müller & Henle, 1839)
D
Central Western Atlantic:
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 southern Caribbean Sea to
Brazil.
D
Rubio, 1987
Family Scyliorhinidae
British Columbia to Mexico,
possibly to Peru
4
Apristurus brunneus
(Gilbert, 1892)
5
Cephaloscyllium ventriosum
(Garman, 1880)
D
Eastern Pacific: Monterey
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Bay, California to southern
Mexico; also Chile
6
Galeus antillensis
Springer, 1979
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Western Atlantic
Family Triakidae
7
Galeorhinus galeus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
D
8
Mustelus californicus
Gill, 1864
D
9
Triakis maculata
Kner & Steindachner, 1867
D
Temperate waters of
Southern Hemisphere;
North Atlantic (including
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
Mediterranean Sea, western
Baltic Sea, North Sea);
North Pacific
Northern California
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 (U.S.A.) to Gulf of
California and Mexico
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Southeastern Pacific
Order Squaliformes
Family Centrophoridae
Centrophorus tessellatus
10
Garman, 1906
11
Centrophorus uyato
(Rafinesque, 1810)
Indo-West Pacific:
Maldives, southern Japan,
Hawaiian Islands, possibly
off North America.
C
Compagno, 2002
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Atlantic, Indo-West Pacific
Family Etmopteridae
Etmopterus granulosus
12
(Günther, 1880)
13
Etmopterus pusillus
(Lowe, 1839)
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D
Rubio, 1987
D
García, 2017
Southeastern Pacific,
southwestern Atlantic, New
Zealand area; Indian Ocean
doubtful
Cosmopolitan, mostly in
temperate seas (including
Hawaiian Islands Chain)
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Family Squalidae
14
Squalus blainville
(Risso, 1827)
D
15
Squalus mitsukurii
Jordan & Snyder, 1903
E
Mediterranean Sea, Black
Sea, North Atlantic;
doubtful from other
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
areas (e.g. Madagascar,
Mascarenes, New
Caledonia, Japan)
Japan and in tropical
Compagno, 2002
through temperate seas
Superorder Batoidei
Order Torpediniformes
Family Narcinidae
1
Discopyge tschudii
Heckel, 1846
Order
Rhinopristiformes
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
Southeastern Pacific,
Southwestern Atlantic
Family Platyrhinidae
2
Platyrhinoidis triseriata
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)
Family
Trygonorrhinidae
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
Eastern Pacific: California
to Mexico
3
Zapteryx brevirostris
(Müller & Henle, 1841)
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
Southwestern Atlantic:
Brazil to Argentina
4
Zapteryx exasperata
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)
D
Rubio & Ruíz, 1993
Eastern Pacific: south
California to Gulf of
California, and Peru
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Southeastern Pacific: Peru
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
North Atlantic and
southeastern Pacific.
Bathyraja spinosissima
(Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
Pseudoraja fischeri
Bigelow & Schroeder,
1954
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
North Pacific: Sea of
Okhotsk, Oregon (U.S.A.)
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Western Atlantic
Sympterygia brevicaudata
(Cope, 1877)
D
Rubio, 1987
Order Rajiformes
5
6
7
8
9
Family
Arhynchobatidae
Bathyraja aguja
(Kendall & Radcliffe,
1912)
Bathyraja richardsoni
(Garrick, 1961)
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Southeastern Pacific:
Ecuador to Chile (if valid)
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261
Family Rajidae
10
Amblyraja hyperborea
(Collett, 1879)
Beringraja cortezensis
11 McEachran & Miyake,
1988
Breviraja colesi
12 Bigelow & Schroeder,
1948
Cosmopolitan, circumpolar,
North Atlantic, western
Arctic Ocean, and South
Pacific (New Zealand and
Tasmania
C
McEachran & Dunn,
1998
C
Robertson & Allen, 2015 Gulf of California.
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
Western Atlantic: Florida
(U.S.A.), Bahamas and Cuba
13
Leucoraja garmani
(Whitley, 1939)
D
Western Atlantic:
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Massachusetts to Florida
(U.S.A.)
14
Leucoraja lentiginosa
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Gulf of Mexico
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013 Western Atlantic
Family Gurgesiellidae
15
Fenestraja ishiyamai
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
Order Myliobatiformes
Family Dasyatidae
16
Fontitrygon geijskesi
(Boeseman, 1948)
D
Álvarez-León et al., 2013
17
Hypanus sabinus
(Lesueur, 1824)
D
Dahl, 1958
18
Hypanus say
(Lesueur, 1817)
D
Dahl, 1958
D
Álvarez & Barreto, 1975
D
Mejía-Falla et al., 2007
D
Tobón, 2001
Western Central Atlantic:
Suriname to northern Brazil
Western Atlantic, from
North Carolina (U.S.A.)
and northern and western
Gulf of Mexico. ICNMHN: 4025 is located in
the Putumayo River and
therefore it was considered
an invalid record
Western Atlantic:
Massachusetts (U.S.A.) to
Brazil
Family Myliobatidae
19
Myliobatis freminvillei
Lesueur, 1824
Western Atlantic:
Massachusetts (U.S.A.) and
Brazil to Argentina
Family Urotrygonidae
Urotrygon microphthalmum
Delsman, 1941
Urotrygon nana
21
Miyake & McEachran, 1988
20
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Western Atlantic: Venezuela
to northeastern Brazil
Eastern Pacific: Mexico to
Panama
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Table 4. Species that although it has museum number, visual o catch record
in Colombian waters, they are considered a bad identification.
No
Category
Support
Comments
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Heterodontiformes
1
2
3
Family Heterodontidae
Heterodontus quoyi
(Fréminville, 1840)
Order Carcharhiniformes
Family Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus signatus
(Poey, 1868)
Rhizoprionodon terraenovae
(Richardson, 1837)
Superorder Batoidei
PNNG 680,
1250
These records were verified by the
authors and belongs to H. mexicanus.
Record SGC
FLMNH 222229
Western Atlantic: Canada to Yucatan,
Mexico.
INV-PEC 8199
Western Atlantic: Southeast USA and
coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico
from North Carolina to Yucatán.
García, 2017
Western Central Atlantic: apparently
restricted to the Gulf of Mexico.
Capture record with coordinates in Colombia
(R/V Oregon II, 1970) could correspond to
a bad identification.
Order Rhinopristiformes
Family Rhinobatidae
1
Pseudobatos lentiginosus
(Garman, 1880)
Order Rajiformes
Family Rajidae
2
Dipturus oregoni
(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
Order Myliobatiformes
Family Dasyatidae
3
Bathytoshia centroura
(Mitchill, 1815)
Western Atlantic: Georges Bank and
Cape Cod south to Florida and in the
Catch Anguila et
northeastern Gulf of Mexico (USA),
al. (2016b)
and in the Bahamas. South of Brazil,
Uruguay and Argentina.
Family Urotrygonidae
4
Urotrygon simulatrix
Miyake & McEachran, 1988
Universitas Scientiarum Vol. 24 (1): 241-276
USNM 222562,
Eastern central Pacific: known only
222636, 222642,
from the Gulf of Panama, Panama.
222640
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This review allowed to update the taxonomy and systematics of the group.
Modifications to the scientific name of two sharks and 20 rays and skates were
identified, as well as changes to some batoid orders, families and genera with
exclusive distribution in the American continent (Last et al., 2016 b,c). The
most significant results for sharks were: 1) the division of Ginglymostoma
cirratum into separate species, with G. cirratum for the Atlantic and
Caribbean, whereas Pacific populations received the name Ginglymostoma
unami. 2) The separation of Carcharhinus porosus as a species exclusively for
the Caribbean and the resurrection of C. cerdale as the valid species for the
Pacific. 3) The description of a new angel shark species (Squatina david) based
on specimens from the Colombian Caribbean (holotype), and consequently,
according to Vaz & Carvalho (2018), this species replaces S. dumeril; so
that the specimens previously identified as S. dumeril possibly correspond
to S. david. 4) The first record of the sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) for
deep waters of the southern Caribbean of Colombia; although it was not
possible to confirm the species, the authors (Acero-P et al., 2018) remarked
that it is highly possible that the specimen could be the Greenland shark,
S. microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
The batoid group presented the greatest quantity of modifications over the
past few years, such as: Changes to the genus of the species Torpedo nobiliana
and Torpedo tremens that are now valid as Tetronarce nobiliana and Tetronarce
tremens (Carvalho et al., 2016a). The union of the old orders Rhinobatiformes
and Pristiformes into Rhinopristiformes, as well as the modification of the
genus Rhinobatos into the genus Pseudobatos for guitarfish from the American
continent (Last et al., 2016b). Within this same order, species from the genus
Zapteryx were taken out of the Rhinobatidae Family and assigned to the
Trygonorrhinidae Family (Last & Séret, 2016).
Within the Rajidae Family, the genus Raja was modified for neotropical
species, and is now recognized as Rostroraja (Last et al., 2016c). The species
name Anacanthobatis americanus was changed to Schroederobatis americana
(Last et al., 2016c; Séret et al., 2016). Within the Dasyatidae Family, the genus
name Dasyatis was changed to Hypanus, valid only for the rays of this family
on the American continent (Last et al., 2016d).
The species Manta birostris was moved into the genus Mobula
(White et al., 2018), whereas the Aetobatus narinari family name was
changed; the family name Aetobatidae was revived, and the species was
separated into different species for the Pacific (Aetobatus laticeps) and
Atlantic (Aetobatus narinari) (Last et al., 2016). Another significant change
occurred for the species Himantura pacifica and H. schmardae, which were
moved from the family Dasyatidae into the family Potamotrygonidae,
Universitas Scientiarum Vol. 24 (1): 241-276
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264
Checklist of elasmobranchs
and were also assigned a new genus and are now recognized as Styracura
pacifica and Styracura schmardae (Carvalho et al., 2016b). Finally, Urotrygon
asterias, U. caudispinosus and U. serrula are now synonymous with U. munda
(Weigmann, 2016).
Conclusions
The 138 elasmobranch species confirmed for Colombia represented 12.1 % of
the known worldwide elasmobranch richness (Weigmann, 2016); this means
that Colombia is the third country in terms of elasmobranch diversity in
Latin America, behind Mexico (214, del Moral-Flores et al., 2015) and Brazil
(165, Rosa & Gadig, 2014), and before Argentina (105, PAN-Tiburones, 2009)
and Chile (92, Lamilla & Bustamante, 2005). There were also 25 potential
species records that were not confirmed for Colombia, which could increase
richness to 163 species, representing 15.10 % of worldwide elasmobranch
species richness.
Compared with neighboring and/or bordering countries, Colombia has
more shark and ray species than Venezuela (74, Cervigón, 1999; Robertson
et al., 2015), Ecuador (94, Martínez-Ortiz & García-Domingo, 2013), and
Peru (115, Cornejo et al., 2015). However, it should be noted that the
published checklists of Venezuela and Ecuador have not been updated.
Comparing basins, the 90 Caribbean elasmobranch species represented
86.5 % of the species reported for the Greater Caribbean coastal zone
(Robertson et al., 2015) and 42.2 % of the species reported for the North West
Atlantic (Weigmann, 2016), whereas representativeness was lower for the
Pacific basin, with 58.2 % of the species reported by Robertson & Allen
(2015) for the Tropical Eastern Pacific and 43.8 % of the species to the
North Eastern Pacific (Weigmann, 2016). Shark and batoid richness for
the Colombian Caribbean was greater than that of Venezuela and Panama
(Robertson et al., 2015), whereas shark and batoid richness for the Pacific was
lower than that reported by Martínez-Ortiz & García-Domingo (2013) for
Ecuador (61 shark species and 43 batoid species), by Cornejo et al. (2015) for
Peru (66 shark species and 43 batoids species) and by Espinoza et al. (2018) for
Costa Rica (81 elasmobranch species). However, it should be noted that Peru
and Ecuador are strongly influenced by fauna from temperate waters of the
southern Pacific, which increases significantly their diversity, as they provide
species from different biogeographic provinces. Elasmobranch richness for
the tropical zone of the Pacific basin of Colombia was greater than that of
Panama in both coasts and greater than those of Costa Rica in the Caribbean
Sea (Robertson & Allen, 2015; Espinoza et al., 2018).
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Mejía-Falla & Navia 2019
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Despite the great species richness found in a regional context, Colombia
was far below shark biodiversity hotspots, which have been identified
in southeastern Japan, Taiwan, and Australia, with nearly 85 species
per 1◦ x 1◦ cell. The elasmobranch endemism level was also very low in
Colombian waters in comparison with endemism hotspots identified by
Lucifora et al. (2011), which were also located in southern Japan, Taiwan,
Australia, as well as southern Brazil and the southeastern United States.
Shark richness values for the Caribbean and Pacific of Colombia agreed
to bimodal distribution patterns described by Lucifora et al. (2011), who
suggested a greater number of species towards intermediate latitudes of the
northern and southern hemispheres than towards the tropics. However,
these authors reported species numbers below those found in this study
for Colombian Caribbean and Pacific waters. This could be due to the low
number of studies on richness carried out in Colombia that are available
in scientific journals with large circulation, as most publications have been
published in Spanish, resulting in information available at the national level
not being visible to researchers from other countries.
This demonstrates that although Colombia cannot be considered an
elasmobranch diversity or endemism hotspot globally, there is great
biodiversity representation of these species regionally, especially of
amphi-American species. This is particularly important as several areas with
moderate shark richness have shown high functional richness, suggesting
that these species play unique roles, that they are not very redundant and
are therefore very important for maintaining the structure and function
of marine ecosystems. In this regard, the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of
Colombia are one of the 15 hotspots of irreplaceability of endemic threatened
marine chondrichthyans identified by Dulvy et al. (2014). These authors
identified these hotspots to guide conservation priorities given that they
contain the most unique chondrichthyan biodiversity.
Therefore, detailed knowledge of the richness and distribution of sharks
and rays is an important tool for planning diversity management and
conservation measures, especially in this type of group that includes an
important number of highly migratory species. Finally, if the 11 species
of freshwater stingrays confirmed for Colombia (Lasso et al., 2016; Do
Nascimiento et al., 2017) are added to marine elasmobranch species, total
richness would be 174 species, representing 15.3% of worldwide richness,
a value that confirms the importance of Colombia for the diversity of this
taxonomic group.
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Conflict of interest
The authors declare having no conflict of interest
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White WT, Naylor GJP. Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae
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White WT, Last PR. Eagle Rays, Family Myliobatidae. In: Last PR,
White WT, Carvalho MR de, Séret B, Stehmann MFW, Naylor
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Swofford DL, Naylor GJP. Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays
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182(1): 50–75, 2018.
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Lista de chequeo de elasmobranquios marinos de
Colombia
Resumen. Se llevó a cabo una revisión y actualización de los registros
de especies de tiburones y rayas de aguas marinas colombianas. En la
literatura se había registrado un total de 206 especies, de las cuales 138
(76 tiburones y 62 rayas) se habian podido confirmar con registros de
museo, capturas, fotografías y videos. No se encontró evidencia de 25
especies, pero su distibución incluye países vecinos, por lo que fueron
clasificadas como “posible basada en la distribución”. Treinta y seis
especies se clasficaron como “improbable basada en la distribución”
y siete más se consideraron identificaciones erróneas. El inventario de
especies confirmadas incluye 57 géneros (30 tiburones y 27 géneros
batoideos) y 34 familias (18 tiburones y 16 familias batoideas). De modo
notable, hubo una adición de 26 especies confirmadas desde 2007, así
como numerosas modificaciones de la sistemática y taxonomía del grupo,
especialmente para batoideos. El número total de elasmobranquios
confirmados representó el 12.1 % de las especies conocidas en el mundo,
y podría aún alcanzar el 14.5 %, lo cual indica que Colombia tiene una de
las faunas de peces cartilaginosos más ricas de Latinoamérica, después
de México y Brasil. Esto demuestra que, aunque Colombia no puede ser
considerada un punto caliente de biodiversidad de elasmobranquios o
un sitio de endemismo de elasmobranquios a nivel global, sí tiene una
buena representatividad de la biodiversidad de estas especies a nivel
regional, especialmente respecto a especies anfi-americanas.
Palabras clave: biodiversidad; tiburones y batoideos; lista de especies;
riqueza.
Universitas Scientiarum Vol. 24 (1): 241-276
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275
Lista de verificação de elasmobrânquios da Colômbia
Resumo Realizou-se uma revisão e atualização dos registros de espécies
de tubarões e arraias de água marinha colombianas. Na literatura se
encontrava registro de um total de 206 espécies, das quais 138 (76
tubarões e 62 arraias) foram possíveis de confirmação por meio de
registros de museus, capturas, fotografias e vídeos. Não se encontrou
evidencia de 25 espécies, mas suas distribuições incluem países vizinhos,
sendo então classificadas como “possível com base na distribuição”.
Trinta e seis espécies se classificaram como “improváveis com base
na distribuição” e outras sete se consideraram identificações errôneas.
O inventário de espécies confirmadas inclui 57 gêneros (30 tubarões
e 27 gêneros de batóides) e 34 famílias (18 tubarões e 16 famílias
batóides). Notavelmente, houve uma adição de 26 espécies confirmadas
desde 2007, assim como numerosas modificações da sistemática e
taxonomia do grupo, especialmente para batóides. O número total de
elasmobrânquios confirmados representou um 12.1 % das espécies
conhecidas no mundo, e poderia ainda alcançar 14.5 %, o que indica
que Colômbia tem uma das faunas mais rica da América Latina em
peixes cartilaginosos, depois de México e Brasil. Isto mostra que
Colômbia, ainda que possa não ser considerada um ponto de referência
de biodiversidade de elasmobrânquios ou um local de endemismo de
elasmobrânquios a nível global, possui uma boa representatividade da
biodiversidade de estas espécies a nível regional, especialmente com
respeito a espécies anfi-americanas.
Palavras-chave: biodiversidade; tubarões e batóides; lista de
espécies; riqueza.
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Checklist of elasmobranchs
Andrés Felipe Navia
His main research interest is directed to the evaluation of the ecological
function of top predators in marine ecosystems and the effect of fishing
on food webs. He has conducted research about determination of the
relationship between life history characteristics of elasmobranchs and
their vulnerability. He recently initiated studies on the essential habitats
of elasmobranchs and ecological processes that determine their richness
and distribution.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-7729
Paola Andrea Mejía-Falla
Her research focused on the life history strategies and demographics
of elasmobranchs, as well as to assess the effect of fishing on such
population parameters. She has conducted research on reproduction,
age and growth of various species of elasmobranchs, both marine
and freshwater. She has initiated studies on essential habitats of
elasmobranches and on the macro-ecological processes that determine
the distribution of these species.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2220-6969
Universitas Scientiarum Vol. 24 (1): 241-276
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Andrés Navia